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Journal of Hydraulic Engineering / Volume 132 / Issue 8 / TECHNICAL PAPERS

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Frazil Ice Blockage of Water Intakes in the Great Lakes

J. Hydraul. Eng. 132, 814 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2006)132:8(814) (11 pages)

Steven F. Daly1 and Robert Ettema2

1Research Hydraulic Engineer, U.S. Army ERDC/Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., Hanover, NH 03779 (corresponding author). E-mail: steven.f.daly@erdc.usace.army.mil
2Professor, Dept. of Civil, Environmental Engineering, and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.

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(Submitted 15 March 2005; accepted 19 August 2005)

Each winter, municipal water supply and thermal power plants drawing water from the Great Lakes face the problem of their water intakes becoming blocked by frazil ice formed in the lakes. Little is known about the manner in which frazil forms, how it is drawn down to the depths at which the intakes are located, and how to prevent frazil from fully blocking intakes. This paper presents an overview of frazil formation and intake blockage in the Great Lakes. The paper first reviews the current understanding of the processes of frazil formation and intake blockage, and it adds new insight regarding the processes. It then describes the problem by way of case-study examples of frazil blockage of two intakes in Lake Michigan. Based on the case studies, and experiences with other intakes in the Great Lakes, the paper outlines methods for monitoring and mitigating frazil blockage. Two options are recommended: monitoring rate of water level drop in the pump forebay onshore from the intake, and rate of headloss increase between the intake and the forebay. Laboratory modeling of intake blockage is then presented.

© 2006 ASCE

Acknowledgment

The writers thank the reviewers of this paper. The review comments were indeed helpful.

Article Outline

  1. Introduction
  2. Intake Layout and Frazil Blockage
  3. Frazil Formation in Lakes
  4. Example Blockage Events
    1. Example I. Intake in Eastern Nearshore
    2. Example II. Intake in Western Nearshore
      1. Blockage Event 1
      2. Blockage Event 2
    3. Summary of Case-Study Experience
  5. Monitoring Blockage
    1. Monitoring At Intake
    2. Monitoring at Forebay
  6. Controlling Blockage
  7. Preventing Blockage
    1. Warm Water
    2. Heating Trash Rack Bars
    3. Coatings
  8. Intake Design and Modeling
  9. Conclusions

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ARTICLE DATA

Digital Object Identifier
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2006)132:8(814)

PUBLICATION DATA

ISSN

0733-9429 (print)  
1943-7900 (online)

Publisher

ASCE

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