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Select this Article		Bamboo Juice Enhanced Desorption of Heavy Metals from Soil Peng Liao, Songhu Yuan, Man Tong, Huayun Long, Jiaolan Zuo, and Wenbiao Zhang Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000146 Posted ahead of print 11 April 2012 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The performance of a novel natural agent, bamboo juice, in enhancing the desorption of heavy metals (Cd, Cu and Pb) from contaminated soil was investigated in present study. The bamboo juice was obtained from bamboo at elevated temperatures. The bamboo juice greatly enhanced the desorption of Cd and Cu, and slightly enhanced the desorption of Pb from the soil. The maximum desorption efficiencies of Cd, Cu and Pb reached 15.2, 25.7 and 5.9%, respectively, by the addition of 10.45% bamboo juice. The soil slurry pH dropped from 6.0 to 3.0 with the increase in bamboo juice concentration from 0 to 10.45%. The mechanism for the enhanced desorption was explained as the combined effect of pH drop and complexation. The desorbed fractions of Cd, Cu and Pb by the addition of bamboo juice were those exchangeable, followed by those bound to organic matters and Fe‐Mn oxides. Although the performance on desorption enhancement by the addition of bamboo juice was lower than that by the addition of EDTA, bamboo juice could be promising in enhancing the desorption of heavy metals from contaminated soils because of its low cost and environmentally friendliness.

Select this Article		Evaluating Groundwater Contamination Hazard Rating of MSW Landfills in India and Europe Using a New System: Case Studies Raj Kumar Singh, Manoj Datta, Arvind Kumar Nema, and Iñaki Vadillo Pérez Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000145 Posted ahead of print 29 March 2012 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Uncontrolled municipal solid waste landfills potentially release harmful substances to the sub‐surface in the form of leachate, thus posing significant hazard of groundwater contamination. The evaluation of groundwater contamination hazard posed by landfills is important for prioritizing them to undertake necessary pollution control and remedial measures in a phased manner. In this paper, a new groundwater contamination hazard rating system (HARAS) which has been presented in detail elsewhere is applied to eleven municipal solid waste landfills — eight Indian and three European. The study shows that among the landfills under the study, the Ghazipur, Okhla and Bhalswa landfills in Delhi, Kodungaiyur Dumping Ground in Chennai, the Pirana landfill in Ahmedabad, and the Dhapa landfill in Kolkata are categorized as “Very high” hazard landfills, thereby indicating that these landfills are in urgent need of control and remedial measures. The study also shows that the Indian landfills pose much greater hazard than the European landfills. This is primarily because the Indian landfills are uncontrolled, larger in size, and the groundwater underlying them is used for more varied purposes including human consumption. A comparison of HARAS with existing hazard rating systems shows that that the former is more sensitive to varied site conditions and makes a better tool for site ranking for adopting remedial measures.

Select this Article		Using Conditional Probability to Predict Solar‐Powered Pump‐And‐Treat Performance Erica Collins, E.I., S. M. ASCE, Andrew Curtis Elmore, Ph.D., P.E., M. ASCE, and Mariesa Crow, Ph.D., P.E. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000144 Posted ahead of print 19 March 2012 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The purpose of remediation projects is to protect human health and the environment by removing harmful substances from the environment. The carbon footprint of an environmental remediation site can be reduced by powering the project with green or sustainable energy. This paper describes a sustainable remediation project that involves the use of a single‐axis passive tracking photovoltaic array to power a pump‐and‐treat system at a Missouri Drycleaning Environmental Response Trust Fund site. The tetrachloroethene‐contaminated ground water is pumped via a positive displacement piston pump and treated using granular activated carbon. Previous works studying the performance of solar‐powered pumping systems were performed using known or constant water heads which are typically unknown at active remediation sites. A stochastic analysis was performed given two inherently random variables of solar radiation and pumping flowrates. Two models were developed for the estimation of the amount of water that would be pumped from a solar‐powered system given (a) the amount of solar radiation observed at the site or (b) the amount of energy consumed by the pump, both of which can be determined using data from the free online resource, PVWatts. The results showed that even given substantial effect from bioremediation activities, a long‐form model was able to accurately predict within the central range of probabilities for five of the seven months studied.

Select this Article		The Effects of Pine Bark Compost on the Distribution of Cd and Pb in Organic Fractions over Time in Contaminated Soils Wen‐Ming Hsu, Zeng‐Yei Hseu, and Shih‐Hao Jien Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000142 Posted ahead of print 19 March 2012 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Heavy metal contamination in rural soils severely threatens the food chain, and consequently, human health. The addition of organic amendments to contaminated soils is considered an effective method to immobilize heavy metals. However, the sequential decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) still poses a risk, the re‐release of heavy metals, to animals and plants. This study aims to determine the amount of Cd and Pb in different organic fractions including dissolved organic matter, humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), and residual fraction after the addition of a pine bark compost to tropical acidic soils. Four controlled samples, contaminated to 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg for Cd, and 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg for Pb were used in this study. The soil samples, both with and without the pine bark compost, were incubated for 120 days for further analysis. The results of the sequential extraction of organic matter indicated that the proportions of Cd and Pb were transferred from the residual fraction into the soluble HA and FA fractions after the compost was mixed into the soil. Additionally, the proportion of Cd in the soluble fraction and Pb in the HA and FA fractions elevated as incubation time increased, indicating the gradual decomposition of residual fractions and more available Cd and Pb in the soil. The diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction result revealed an increased bioavailability of Cd and Pb after the addition of the compost that gradually increased as the organic matter in the amended soils decomposed further. Our results demonstrated that the application of pine bark compost to the soil increased the proportions of Cd in soluble fractions and Pb in humic fractions. Furthermore, we confirmed the potential risk of bioavailable Cd and Pb re‐releasing into the amended soil over time.

Select this Article		A Game Theory Based Multi Stakeholder Planning for Electronic Waste Management Rajendra Kumar Kaushal and Arvind K. Nema Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000141 Posted ahead of print 19 March 2012 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The stakeholder decision making is needed for implementing policies that affect both initial purchase decisions of electronic gadgets and ultimate decisions about land‐disposal/recycling or storage of electronic waste. In consumer electronics, a long‐term relationship between manufacturer and consumer might lead to contracts that create incentives for consumers to return used electronic gadgets. The result could be more effective economically and environmentally, for involved stakeholders like manufacturers, consumers, and society as a whole. If stakeholder can obtain further more profit through collaborating with other ones in some coalition, it will be preferred to collaborate rather than participating individually. This paper discusses the non co‐operation as well as cooperation of stakeholders and gives a formulation for the calculation of their profits. After that, based on Game theory, a scheme to decide which strategy is better suited, gaining the maximum profit, to a stakeholder and also the profit allocation of each stakeholder in the coalitions rationally and impartially is proposed. Results for stakeholders verified the principle that cooperation is better than competition.

Select this Article		Characterization of Radiological Hazardous Effects of Metal Scraps in Turkey Ahmet Erdal Osmanlioglu Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000140 Posted ahead of print 16 February 2012 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Main objective of this paper is to determine radiological hazard level of different commercial scrap piles in Turkey. Samples were taken from metal scrap yards nearby Istanbul city in Turkey. In this study radioactivity measurements were carried out on these samples. Activities of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ²¹⁰Pb were determined in laboratory by γ‐ray spectrometry. The highest ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ²¹⁰Pb activities were found 8735, 465, 524 and 1264 Bq/kg respectively in residues of the TENORM scraps. Radiation doses due to gamma exposure and radon emanation from residues were determined. Site specific test results were determined as lower than exemption limits for external radiation. According to these results external radiation doses were lower than 300 μSv/year for workers.

Select this Article		Assessment of an Urban Contaminated Site from Tannery Industries in Dhaka City, Bangladesh Md. Rezaul Karim, M. ASCE, Saskia Manshoven, Md. Rafizul Islam, Juan Antonio Gascon, Mikel Ibarra, Ludo Diels, and Md. Mizanur Rahman Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000139 Posted ahead of print 16 February 2012 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The Hazaribagh tannery area of Bangladesh is considered as an extremely polluted site due to the disposal of untreated Cr enriched tannery effluent. This study was undertaken from 2006–08 in order to characterize the nature and extent of pollution in the area, associated health risks and to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the selected cleanup strategies. A comprehensive soil, wastewater and groundwater sampling and detailed laboratory analysis were done. The results of the study indicated that the site is extremely polluted by Cr (upto 37,000 mg/kg dm), mineral oils and EOX and the most severe soil pollution was confined upto a depth of 10 to 20 ft. The phenol index and chromium level in the tannery effluent were very high and most of this Cr was found to adsorb onto suspended solids in the wastewater. Analysis of groundwater samples from tubewells in Hazaribagh area indicated that groundwater is not contaminated by Cr or any other heavy metals. Soil leaching tests indicated a very low Cr mobility and thus a low risk of spreading with infiltrating rain water. Most of the Cr in the subsoil exists as Cr(III) and was found to be very stable.. The SEM‐XRDs analysis of the Cr‐containing soil structures showed that the Cr is predominantly present in association with clay mineral structures.

Select this Article		Microwave Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Absorption Properties of Treated Waste Rubber Aggregates Muhammad Ateeq, Ahmed Senouci, Hassan Al‐Nageim, and Ahmed Al‐Shamma'a Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000138 Posted ahead of print 16 January 2012 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper discusses for the first time the use of non invasive and non destructive Microwave Spectroscopy to analyze the effect of chemical treatment on the absorption properties of waste rubber aggregate material when it is reacted and heated with bitumen. Oxidation and cross‐linking was used to treat the waste rubber aggregates. The surface properties of oxidized rubber were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The bitumen samples obtained from treated and un‐treated rubber‐bitumen blends were analyzed using Microwave Spectroscopy. This technique was to measure instantaneously the reduction in absorption properties of rubber when it is reacted with bitumen after treatment, compared with the bitumen samples obtained from untreated rubber‐bitumen blends before treatment. The results of the Scanning Electron Microscope analysis show that the surface properties of waste rubber have been changed developing surface roughness after the oxidation process. This was consistent with the microwave spectroscopy results where the chemical treatment has successfully reduced the absorption of light fractions from bitumen to rubber. Thus, residual bitumen from treated rubber‐bitumen blends is comparable to the pure bitumen in its behaviour and operation. This finding will have a huge impact on industry for real‐time measurement.

Select this Article		Desalinization of Kaolin Soil Using Radial Electromigration and Electroosmosis Christopher Athmer, P.E., Chris Ruef, RG, T. J. Jones, and Robert Wilkens, Ph.D., P.E. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000137 Posted ahead of print 16 January 2012 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The storage and management of road salt piles can cause contamination of drinking water aquifers due to precipitation runoff that ultimately contaminates the groundwater. Such sites can be remediated using DC electric fields in conjunction with relatively inexpensive direct‐push wells. When soil and groundwater are subjected to DC electric fields, the pore water moves toward the cathode via electroosmosis while cations also migrate to the cathode and anions migrate toward the anode by electromigration. A series of anode and cathode wells placed in the soil can be used to separate and remove chloride (Cl−) and sodium (Na+), respectively. To accommodate the use of well‐based electrodes on a large scale basis, a 2‐dimensional model, approximating a cylinder, was developed to simulate the electromigration and electroosmosis aspects of sodium and chloride transport in soil with a center cathode surrounded by anodes. To validate the model, a small pilot sized experiment was conducted and sodium was used as the primary monitored ion due to its conservativeness and stability at the cathode. The model predicted a sodium transport time of 4 days for sodium ions to travel the 8‐inch distance and reach the cathode. The actual sodium flow into the cathodes was elevated and steady for about 5 days followed by the steady drop off out to day 14 as expected. Based on whole hexagon and background soil samples, 80% of the sodium was removed. Sodium removal was significant due to the removal at the cathode wells while chloride accumulated at the anode where some was oxidized. Based on this model, cost for a full scale implementation can be estimated.

Select this Article		Recovery of Uranium, Plutonium, and Neptunium from High‐Level Waste (HLW) Solutions Prior to Actinide Partitioning Neelam Kumari, P. N. Pathak, D. R. Prabhu, and V. K. Manchanda Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000136 Posted ahead of print 16 January 2012 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The prior removal of uranium along with plutonium and neptunium from high‐level waste (HLW) can simplify the subsequent actinide partitioning steps. In this context, extraction and stripping behavior of uranium, plutonium, and neptunium was investigated employing 1.1 M solutions of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP) and N,N‐dihexyl octanamide (DHOA) dissolved in n‐dodecane as extractants in the presence of 6 g/L U relevant to Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) High‐Level Waste (HLW) conditions. Reductants such as acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) and hydroxyurea (HU) were evaluated for selective stripping of plutonium and neptunium over uranium from the loaded organic phases. These studies indicated the possibility of quantitative recovery of U(VI), Pu(IV) and Np(IV) from HLW solution employing either DHOA or TBP as extractant. Integration of this step in the minor actinide partitioning simplifies the treatment of HLW with the specially designed extractants like octyl(phenyl)‐N,N‐diisobutyl carbamoyl methyl phosphine oxide (CMPO), N,N,N′,N′‐tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA), and N,N,N′,N′‐tetra(2‐ethylhexyl) diglycolamide (TEHDGA).

Select this Article		Treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastewater by Electrochemical Method: Optimization of Operating Parameters by Response Surface Methodology Abhijit M. Deshpande, Rama Kant, and Shanta Satyanarayan Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000133 Posted ahead of print 17 December 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The treatment of a high strength pharmaceutical wastewater (PW), has been carried out using two different electrochemical processes i.e., electrocoagulation (EC) using aluminium and electrooxidation (EO) using carbon electrode. For EC, the main object was to study the adsorption capacity of electro‐flocs using Freundlich isotherm (R² = 0.8), and the kinetics of adsorption by (Lagergren model) first‐order (R² = 0.88) and second order (R² = 0.83) kinetic models. For the EO process the effect of current density (CD) in range from 40 to 120 A/m² and initial pH from 3 to 11 on the treatment efficiency was studied. Under identical operating conditions (CD 80 A/m², pH 7.2), EC resulted in 24% after 25 min while the EO yielded 35.6% COD removal after 90 min of treatment. The kinetics of COD removal for EO was described by a two‐stage first order kinetic model. Based on the cyclic voltammetric studies the presence of chlorides was found influence resulting indirect oxidation by generation of chloride/hypochlorite oxidants. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was found to be an effective optimization tool which shows the optimum pH/CD/electrolysis time to be 6.56/76.06 A/m²/86.89 min for achieving 30.89% COD removal by EO process. The study has shown that electro‐oxidation treatment can be effectively used as pre‐treatment to improve the biocompatibility of PW than direct biological treatment of PW.

Select this Article		Powdered Activated Lemon Peels as Adsorbent for Removal of Cutting Oil from Wastewater A. R. Tembhurkar and Radhika Deshpande Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000132 Posted ahead of print 3 October 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Batch adsorption studies were conducted to remove cutting oil from wastewater using activated lemon (Species: Citrus x Limon) peels. The effect of various important parameters namely pH, dose of adsorbent, contact time, mixing speed and initial oil concentration and their optimum conditions for maximum sorption efficiency were studied. Batch studies indicated that adsorbent dosage of 5 gm/l, contact time of 70min, mixing rate of 45–50 rpm and pH of 2 provides maximum oil removal efficiency in the present study. Results indicated that the kinetics of sorption of cutting oil on powdered activated lemon peels closely follows Freundlich isotherms. SEM micrograph of powdered activated lemon peels before and after adsorption is presented to prove that the oil has been adsorbed by the adsorbent.

Select this Article		Alkaline Hydrolysis of Resin Based Combustible Cartridge Case and Application of Its Hydrolysate as Crop Fertiliser Sultan S. Malik, Raj K. Pandey, Usha R. Nair, Sushma S. Adhav, U. Thanigai Velan, and Vilas B. Sutar Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000131 Posted ahead of print 3 October 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Disposal of hazardous and toxic waste arising out of combustible cartridge cases (CCCs) based explosive munitions is an environmental issue of global concern. Large quantity of CCC waste is disposed off by open burning or detonation, as there is no viable waste disposal technology available at present, which is environmental friendly and is found suitable for bulk treatment. In the present study, the process of alkaline hydrolysis of CCC composition has been studied. It is found that CCCs waste can be suitably treated and neutralised by simple chemical process (alkaline hydrolysis) which is eco‐compliant. It is possible to recover high proportion of nitrogen (87 percent) from this waste. The CCC hydrolysate can be suitably used as fertilizer for crop. Pot culture studies carried out using the hydrolysate as fertilizer on wheat seed and plant, indicate encouraging results of the main crop performance parameters like plant biomass, yield, plant growth and chlorophyll content.

Select this Article		Centrifuge and Numerical Study on the Behavior of Clay‐Based Landfill Covers Subjected to Differential Settlements S. Rajesh and B. V. S. Viswanadham Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000129 Posted ahead of print 28 September 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The objective of this paper is to evaluate the deformation behavior of clay‐based landfill covers subjected to differential settlements through centrifuge model studies and finite element analyses (FEA). A series of centrifuge tests were performed on model soil barriers subjected to continuous differential settlements through a motor‐based differential settlement simulator by varying the thickness of the soil barrier with and without overburden equivalent to that of landfill coves at 40 gravities. In addition, a parametric study was carried‐out numerically by varying the thickness of the soil barrier and overburden pressure using PLAXIS, a geotechnical finite element code. The modeling considerations adopted in FEA were developed such that they are close to the centrifuge model tests in prototype dimensions. Differential settlements in FEA were assigned using pre‐defined displacement profiles. Results from centrifuge model tests deduce that both 0.6 m and 1.2 m thick soil barriers were observed to experience full‐depth cracks at the zone of maximum curvature and fail to serve the basic purpose of an effective hydraulic barrier. The results from FEA indicate the development of higher values of tensile stresses and strain extending throughout the thickness of the soil barrier at the zone of maximum curvature; which indirectly advocate the possibility of formation of tension cracking when the generated tensile stresses due to deformation exceed the permissible tensile strength of the soil barrier material. The magnitude of the horizontal tensile stress along the top surface of the soil barrier at the zone of maximum curvature was found to be suppressed with an increase in the value of overburden pressure. When the soil barrier was subjected to an overburden pressure in the range of 50 — 75 kPa, there exists a complete transformation of tensile stresses to compressive stresses, which indirectly suggests that there can be no prospects of development of tension cracks even at a distortion level of 0.125.

Select this Article		Landfill Gas to Energy Applications in India — Prefeasibility Analysis of Mumbai Landfills Tara Ramani, Stephen Sprague, Josias Zietsman, Sunil Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, and Anupama Krishnan Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000119 Posted ahead of print 23 September 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Landfill Gas (LFG) is a useful byproduct of landfills and it has potential to be harnessed as an energy resource instead of being allowed to escape into the atmosphere. Landfills in India are often unengineered systems that have no LFG collection facilities. The aim of the study was to explore the various options available for LFG capture and utilization and conduct a prefeasibility analysis for various options dealing with LFG, including flaring and LFG to Energy (LFGTE) projects. A closer look was taken at the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management practices in Mumbai, India, where three landfills (Mulund, Deonar and Gorai) were studied. The prefeasibility assessment when applied to the three landfills indicated that the capping costs and the costs for bringing the landfills into sanitary conditions are high. However, preliminary results indicated that LFGTE projects have the potential to generate favourable economic returns.

Select this Article		Analytical Model for Stress‐Strain Response of Plastic Waste Mixed Soil G. L. Sivakumar Babu, Professor and Sandeep K. Chouksey, Research Scholar Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000128 Posted ahead of print 18 August 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Recycling plastic water bottles has become one of the major challenges world wide. The present study provides an approach for the use plastic waste as reinforcement material in soil, which can be used for ground improvement, sub‐bases and subgrade preparation in road construction. The experimental results are presented in the form of stress‐strain‐pore water pressure response and compression paths. Based on experimental test results, it is observed that the strength of soil is improved and compressibility reduced significantly with addition of a small percentage of plastic waste to the soil. In this paper, an analytical model is proposed to evaluate the response of plastic waste mixed soil. It is noted that model captures the stress‐strain and pore water pressure response of all percentages of plastic waste adequately. The paper also provides a comparative study of failure stress obtained from different published models and proposed model which are compared with experimental results. The improvement in strength due to inclusion of plastic waste can be advantageously used in ground improvement projects.

Select this Article		Heavy Metals in Water, Sediments and Aquatic Macrophytes: A Case Study in River Hindon, India Mayuri Chabukdhara and Arvind K. Nema Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000127 Posted ahead of print 29 July 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, Pb and Ni) were investigated in water, sediments and aquatic macrophytes (Eichhornia crassipes and Nelumbo nucifera) collected from the river Hindon, India. Quantitative analysis of data and evaluation of potential ecological risk index (RI) indicated that the river Hindon is suffering from serious metal contaminat ion. Statistical analysis (cluster analysis and correlation analysis) suggested that heavy metal pollution in the river originate from the anthropogenic sources, especially industrial and urban discharges. The study also revealed that the heavy metals were selectively accumulated in different parts of the aquatic macrophytes. Metal translocation factor (MTF) estimation of Eichhornia and Nelumbo sp. highlighted their phyto‐remediation potential (Cd, Mn, Pb and Ni), the latter being an unexplored plant species for such studies.

Select this Article		Analysis of 1D Contaminant Migration through Saturated Soil Media Underlying Aquifer Using FDM Ritwik Chakraborty and Ambarish Ghosh Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000125 Posted ahead of print 20 July 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Finite difference method (FDM) has been adapted herein to solve 1D contaminant transport model to predict contaminant migration through soil in waste landfill underlying an aquifer. Providing an effective engineered barrier, which will separate the waste from ground water, can minimise the potential contamination in the ground water system. In this paper, a solution technique has been developed using FDM for the analysis of 1D contaminant transport in a layer of finite thickness. The present study considers the effects of advection, dispersion‐diffusion, geo‐chemical reactions and decay in a single model with a finite quantity of pollutant in the landfill and transport of contaminants towards ground water beneath the clay deposit/liner. The computer program CONTAMINATE‐1D‐FM has been developed using the proposed solution technique to analyse the contaminant migration. The short term and long term effects of different factors influencing ground water contamination have been presented in this paper. The values of the relevant parameters used by previous investigators have been adapted in the solution technique presented herein for prediction of contaminant migration. The effects of Peclet number and Courant number criteria have been considered to select appropriate time step and spatial size of the finite difference grid to avoid oscillation and numerical dispersion. The proposed solution technique for contaminant transport with finite mass has been validated with published analytical solution. The design of clay liner and the impact of important parameters on ground water system have been illustrated to facilitate the field engineers.

Select this Article		Iodide Retention by Modified Kaolinite in the Context of Safe Disposal of High Level Nuclear Waste S. Sivachidambaram and Sudhakar M. Rao Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000121 Posted ahead of print 1 July 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Bentonite clay is identified as potential buffer in deep geological repositories (DGR) that store high level radioactive wastes (HLW) as the expansive clay satisfies the expected mechanical and physico‐chemical functions of the buffer material. In the deep geological disposal of HLW, iodine‐129 is one of the significant nuclides, owing to its long half‐life (half life =1.7×10⁷years). The negative charge on the basal surface of bentonite particles however precludes retention of iodide anions. To render the bentonite effective in retaining hazardous iodide species in DGR, improvement of the anion retention capacity of bentonite becomes imperative. The iodide retention capacity of bentonite is improved by admixing 10 and 20 % Ag‐kaolinite (AgK) with bentonite (B) on dry mass basis. The present study produced Ag‐kaolinite by heating silver nitrate‐kaolinite mixes at 4000°C. Marginal release of iodide retained by Ag‐kaolinite occurred under extreme acidic (pH = 2.5) and alkaline (pH = 12.5) conditions. The swell pressure and iodide retention results B‐AgK specimens bring out that mixing AgK with bentonite does not chemically modify the expansive clay; the mixing is physical in nature and AgK presence only contributes to iodide retention of the admixture.

Select this Article		Synthesis and Characterization of a New Ion Exchanger Tamarind 5‐Amino Salicylic Acid Hydroximate [TASAH] Resin and Its Application in Removal and Recovery of Toxic Metal Ions from Effluent of Karishma Textile, Jodhpur, India A. V. Singh and Naresh Kumar Sharma Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000120 Posted ahead of print 15 June 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new composite ion exchanger tamarind 5‐amino salicylic acid hydroximate [TASAH] resin was synthesized for removal of toxic metal ions, which have good ion‐exchange capacity, higher stability, reproducibility and selectivity. The characterization of the resin was carried out by determining the ion exchange capacity, elemental analysis, pH titration, FT‐IR spectra and thermal analysis (TGA). The distribution coefficients (K_d) of toxic metal ions were determined in aqueous solution and effluent of Karishma Textile at different pH. On the other hand, physical property of TASAH resin was also studied. The effects of pH, agitation speed, treatment time, flow rate, contact time, temperature and adsorbent dose, on the removal of metal ions from industrial wastewater were investigated. The adsorbed metal ions were effectively eluted by different strength of acid solution. The resin is amenable for continuous process and can be regenerated several times. The adsorption of different metal ions on TASAH resin follows the order; Zn²⁺ > Fe²⁺ > Co²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Cu²⁺.

Select this Article		Adsorptive Chromium Removal by Some Clayey Soil for Abatement of Tannery Waste Pollution Sudipta Ghosh, Sunil Kumar, Somnath Mukherjee, Dipankar Dey Tarafder, and Patrick Hettiaratchi Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000118 Posted ahead of print 11 May 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Leachate migration from uncontrolled municipal and industrial solid waste disposal sites leads to a significant sub‐soil and groundwater pollution. In order to combat this geo‐environmental problem, landfill construction must be done in such a way that the solute transport along with leaching is to be minimal and significantly attenuated. A laboratory‐scale investigation was carried out to explore the suitability of different types of clayey soils collected from a leather tannery as well as from nearby area located in West Bengal, India for examining as a liner material in a landfill near tannery waste disposal site to prevent Cr migration into the surrounding environment. The existence of Cr⁶⁺ in excess to the permissible limit was found in soil and water samples collected from the sites. The compaction study revealed that use of these soils as compacted clay liner could achieve the desired permeability to the extent of 1 × 10⁻⁷ cm/s. The batch kinetics study showed a reasonable Cr⁶⁺ uptake capacity of soil (75 – 90%) in equilibrium condition. The breakthrough adsorption study was also carried out in a large‐scale tank as well as in a vertical column which showed a good metal (Cr⁶⁺) adsorption capacity of soil.

Select this Article		Estimation of Primary and Mechanical Compression in MSW Landfills Sumedha Chakma and Shashi Mathur Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000117 Posted ahead of print 11 May 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The density of municipal solid waste plays a significant role in the computation of landfill settlement. A methodology was developed to compute the primary compression and the mechanical compression considering a constant, a spatial and temporal variation of density in the landfill. The primary and mechanical compression computed taking a constant density of refuse yields lower settlement values compared to the case where density was assumed to vary spatial and temporal. Coefficient of compressibility is highly sensitive whereas β is less sensitive in the model. The differences between constant and variable density was decreasing rate for the mechanical compression whereas increasing rate for the primary compression.

Select this Article		Electrokinetic Migration of Nickel [Ni(II)] in Contaminated Sludge Pranab Kumar Ghosh, S. Balagurunathan, and C. A. Basha Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000115 Posted ahead of print 7 May 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Nickel sludge was synthetically prepared by adding optimum dose of lime into nickel rinse wastewater. Migration of Ni²⁺ ions through contaminated sludge, and its accumulation near cathode were studied under varying applied voltages in a laboratory scale electrochemical cell. The result showed more than 2 times increase in Ni²⁺ concentration from an initial concentration of 300 mg/kg at a normalized distance of 80% from anode in 14 hours of migration study, when the applied voltage was 25 V. On the other hand, nickel concentration was reduced to 42 mg/kg of sludge at normalized distance of 20% from anode. With the increase in voltage, migration rate of metals within sludge was increased. Change in pH with time, under various experimental conditions was also studied.

Select this Article		A Critical Review on Chemical Stabilisation of Metal Contaminants in Shooting Range Soils Peter Sanderson, Ravi Naidu, Nanthi Bolan, and Mark Bowman Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000113 Posted ahead of print 11 April 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Shooting ranges have come under increased scrutiny in recent years as a potential source of contamination, due to the high loading of lead in the soil. Stabilization by the addition of chemical amendments has been examined as a viable risk based approach to managing shooting range contamination. Amendments have be shown to immobilize metals to varying degrees, determined by the target contaminant, the amendment used, soil properties and the reaction kinetics in the contaminated soil and amendment system. There has been limited field scale evaluation of the the effectiveness of chemical amendments for the stabilization of metal contaminants in shooting range soil. Doubt remains over their effectiveness and long term stability under the varying conditions found in the field which affect the kinetics of immobilization and dissolution in amended soil.