Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering

Search Issue | RSS Feeds RSS

Preview Manuscripts

ASCE journal Preview manuscripts are articles submitted through Editorial Manager then peer reviewed, accepted, and posted online before the final, copyedited version is published online and in print.
Click here for more information.


Fatigue Tests of Bituminous Mixtures with Inclusion of Initial Cracks

Piotr Mackiewicz

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000581

Posted ahead of print 15 May 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The method of testing asphalt mixtures including initial cracks appearing in pavements was presented in this paper. The main aim of the study was a determination of asphalt mixtures durability in dependence on crack sizes. In this purpose, the four‐point bending test was performed according to the technical standard: PN‐EN 12697‐24:2008, Bituminous mixtures ‐ Test methods for hot mix asphalt ‐ Part 24: Resistance to fatigue. The test was conducted with selected asphalt mixtures under the controlled strain and with the application of different crack sizes. Specimens with the crack were analysed. Moreover, a model based on FEM (finite‐element method) calculations was worked out, which allowed to verify conditions of the asphalt mixtures response to strains and to assess the state of stresses and strains at the crack tip. The wide range of studied conditions helped to determine the fatigue criterion for the “cracked” beam in the fatigue tests. The presented fatigue condition is very useful in the estimation of fatigue durability of asphalt mixtures. The results of analyses clearly showed the influence of cracks on the decrease in stiffness modulus. This effect has a non‐linear behaviour in the case of larger cracks. The proposed FEM model of beam including cracks is very useful in studies of stresses and tensile strains concentrated at the crack tip.

Physical and Marshall Properties of Borogypsum Used as Filler Aggregate in Asphalt Concrete

Tuba Kütük‐Sert, Ph.D. and Sezai Kütük

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000580

Posted ahead of print 15 May 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
For construction of roads and highway, a big amount of aggregate usage is needed. Since the natural aggregate resources are limited, the demand for the use of alternative aggregates has increased. For this reason, borogypsum in Turkey was used as mineral filler aggregate in hot mix asphalt concrete. When this is directly released to nature as boron waste, it may cause various environmental problems. In order to prevent this waste's harmful effects to the environment, the use of borogypsum as alternative aggregate in highway engineering may be effective. For this purpose, the physical properties of borogypsum were investigated by TG‐DTA, XRD and SEM‐EDAX. Also, the surface properties of borogypsum were identified by POM. In this study, two groups of hot mix asphalt concrete were obtained. For the first group, asphalt concrete was produced with limestone aggregate and the second one, borogypsum was used as mineral filler in asphalt concrete. In both groups, limestone was used as fine and coarse aggregate. Marshall stability and other mechanical properties were determined. It is believed that evaluated borogypsum has similar crystal structure with tincalconite and its usage for hot mix climate regions may be effective to reduce problems. Also, another crucial finding is that using borogypsum as mineral filler aggregate in asphalt concrete can be convenient for binder course of pavements exposed to heavy traffic potential.

Impact of Alkali Silica Reaction on Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete

Kunal Kupwade‐Patil and Erez N. Allouche

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000579

Posted ahead of print 15 May 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This study reports findings of an experimental investigation for alkali silica reaction (ASR) between reactive aggregates and the geopolymer matrix. Specimens were prepared using two Class F and one Class C fly ash stockpiles. Mechanical testing included potential reactivity of aggregate via length change and compression test measurement as per ASTM standards. Results suggest that the extent of ASR reaction due to the presence of reactive aggregates in fly ash‐based geopolymer concretes is substantially lower than in the case of OPC based concrete, and well below the ASTM specified threshold. Furthermore, geopolymer concrete specimens appeared to undergo a densification process in the presence of alkali solution, resulting in reduced permeability and increased mechanical strength. Utilizing ASR‐vulnerable aggregates in the production of geopolymer concrete products could contribute to the economic appeal and sustainability of geopolymer binders in regions that suffer from insufficient local supply of high quality aggregates.

Selective Absorption of Asphalt Binder by Limestone Aggregates in Asphalt Mixtures

Rong Luo, Ph.D., P.E., M. ASCE and Robert L. Lytton, Ph.D., P.E., F. ASCE

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000578

Posted ahead of print 15 May 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
It has been found that aggregates used in paving asphalt mixtures absorb the asphalt binder into the porous structure of the aggregates. National test methods are available to measure the aggregate absorption. However, most research and measurements on aggregate absorption are limited to the accessible voids at the aggregate surface. This paper presents recent findings on the selective absorption of asphalt binder by aggregate particles in asphalt mixtures. The selective absorption of the binder is visualized on the aggregate surface under natural light and UV light. Rings with different colors are identified on the cross‐sections of the aggregates in both Hot Mix Asphalt and Warm Mix Asphalt, which indicates different asphalt components at different radial distances from the center of the aggregates. The asphalt components penetrating into aggregates are verified using the Laser Desorption Ionization — Ion Mobility — Mass Spectrometer. Significantly higher concentration of asphalt components is identified at the edge of the limestone sample than in its center after it is soaked in a PG 58‐28 asphalt binder (labeled AAD) for 32 hours. Creep tests are also conducted on fresh limestone samples and limestone samples soaked in the AAD binder. The fresh limestone sample behaves elastically and is approximately twice as stiff as the sample soaked in the binder, which exhibits nonnegligible viscoelastic properties in the creep test.

Variation of Resilient Modulus, Strength and Modulus of Elasticity of Stabilized Soils with Post‐Compaction Moisture Contents

Robert Brooks, Ph.D., P.E., F. ASCE, Naji Khoury, Ph.D., Santhoshini Yadav Boeni, and Damodar Yada

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000574

Posted ahead of print 2 May 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of post‐compaction moisture variations on the resilient modulus (MR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and modulus of elasticity (E) of cementitiously stabilized subgrade soils. Class C fly ash (CFA) and hydrated lime were used as the stabilizing agents. Specimens were compacted at optimum moisture content (wopt) with different percentage of stabilizers (i.e. 10% CFA and 6% lime) and then either dried or wetted to different moisture contents prior to testing for MR, UCS and E. Results showed that MR, UCS and E values increased due to drying and decreased due to wetting. MR‐moisture, UCS‐moisture and E‐moisture models were developed and proved to be useful in predicting the variations of MR, UCS and E values of stabilized subgrade soils with moisture changes. These models can be used, in the new M‐E PDG, to predict MR, UCS and E values of stabilized sub‐grade soils with moisture variations.

Behavior of Thermoset Shape Memory Polymer Based Syntactic Foam Sealant Trained by Hybrid Two‐Stage Programming

Guoqiang Li, Associate Professor, M. ASCE, Abe King, Research Assistant, Tao Xu, Research Associate, and Xiaoming Huang, Professor

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000572

Posted ahead of print 23 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Recently, a shape memory polymer based self‐healing syntactic foam has been proposed and tested as sealant in expansion joints. It is found that the key for success is to train the foam by a two‐dimensional (2‐D) stress condition (compression in horizontal or traffic direction and tension in vertical direction) at temperature above the glass transition temperature (Tg). However, for practical applications, programming a full‐size slab of sealant by a 2‐D stress condition and under temperature control is not a trivial task. In this study, we demonstrated that the programming by one‐stage 2‐D stress condition can be replaced by a sequential two‐stage one‐dimensional (1‐D) stress condition. To further simplify the programming process, we conducted 1‐D tension programming at temperature above the Tg, followed by 1‐D compression programming at temperature below the Tg (cold‐compression). The test results show that the hybrid programming leads to similar shape memory behavior as long as the prestrain level in the two programmings is similar or the prestrain in one direction absolutely predominates. Otherwise, the sealant exhibits a two‐stage recovery: recover first in the direction with larger prestrain, followed by the direction with smaller presrtain, regardless of the programming sequence.

Stress‐Strain Behavior and Statistical Continuous Damage Model of Cement Mortar under High Strain‐Rates

Jikai Zhou and Xudong Chen

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000570

Posted ahead of print 23 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Effects of strain‐rate on the dynamic stress‐strain behavior of cement mortar are investigated in split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests, the according strain‐rates are ranged from 20 /s to 280 /s. A total of thirty‐nine specimens are subjected to static and dynamic axial compressive loadings. The results show that cement mortar is a typical strain‐rate dependent material. Both dynamic compressive strength and critical strain increase with strain‐rate increases. However, there seems to be no strain‐rate effects on initial elastic modulus of cement mortar. Based on the stress‐strain curves of different strain‐rates, as well as the random statistical distribution hypothesis for strength, a dynamic damage constitutive model of cement model under compression is used. The relations of main parameters with strain‐rate are also presented in this paper. The simulated stress‐strain curves match the experimental results well. The results show that strength of cement mortar obeys a Weibull distribution.

Evaluation for Microsurfacing as Pavement Preservation Treatment: A Case Study

Yigong Ji, Ph.D., P.E., Tommy Nantung, Ph.D., P.E., Bill Tompkins, P.E., and Dwayne Harris, Ph.D., P.E.

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000568

Posted ahead of print 23 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Over the years, the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has changed its emphasis from construction to preservation of public highways. As such, there is great interest in assessing cost efficacy of a pavement preservation strategy. This paper aims to present the functional and structural benefits of microsurfacing applications at highway sections in Indiana. To achieve this goal, comprehensive monitoring and data analysis was performed using the Pavement Condition Rating (PCR), Structure Number (SN), and surface roughness (IRI) for in‐situ performance evaluation. According to the deflection and roughness analysis, an improvement was observed in SN and IRI during the early life of the pavement. Furthermore, no significant difference was obtained over the following two years. Application of the microsurfacing resulted in a significant rise in PCR, SN and decline in IRI. A similar result was found at the resurfacing site. Pavement with microsurface sections had stable roughness with only a two point increase every year. The two control sections (SR‐68 and SR‐145) have had four point increases on average. The IRI for SR‐58 resurfacing was 48 in. /mile (762 mm/km) at 2009 (after construction), which is almost half of the 2008 (before construction) IRI value. The rates of decline of the SN, IRI were no different statistically for untreated control sections, and the rate of decline of the PCR was slightly higher than in the pavement preservation project, including resurfacing and microsurfacing. The cost study indicated that microsurfacing would be deemed cost effective if it could provide more than 1.6 years service life, and resurfacing would be cost effective if it could provide more than 3 years service life. Considering cost as well as performance, pavement preservation should be an effective strategy to eliminate or retard damage. If applied properly, microsurfacing is an economical alternative to conventional resurfacing. The case study results demonstrate that microsurfacing is a cost‐effectiveness treatment in addressing pavement distresses and in extending pavement life in general.

Verification of Masonry Building Code to Flexural Behavior of Cement Stabilized Soil Block

Adam G. Tennant, P.E., Craig D. Foster, and B. V. Venkatarama Reddy

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000566

Posted ahead of print 23 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Most studies involving cement stabilized soil blocks (CSSB) have been concerning material properties such as the characteristics of erosion and strength and how the composition of the block affects these properties. Moreover, research has been conducted on the performance of various mortars, investigating their material properties and the tensile bond strength between CSSB units and mortar. In contrast, very little is currently known about CSSB masonry structural behavior. Since structural design codes of traditional masonry buildings have been well developed over the past century, many of the same principles may be applicable to CSSB masonry buildings. This paper details out the topic of flexural behavior of CSSB masonry walls and whether the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC) code can be applied to this material for improved safety of such buildings.

Texas Department of Transportation Fly Ash Database and the Development of Chemical Composition‐Based Fly Ash Alkali‐Silica Reaction Durability Index

Lianxiang Du, Elizabeth Lukefahr, and Andy Naranjo

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000564

Posted ahead of print 24 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
First, chemical compositions of about 5,500 fly ash samples from 36 power plants inside and outside Texas, compiled by Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) in the course of 18 years, were statistically analyzed in this study. The variations of oxide contents and their correlations were calculated and compared. Oxide contents of ASTM C 618 Class F fly ashes were found more variable than Class C fly ashes. In general, CaO and MgO contents are higher in Class C fly ashes than in Class F fly ashes, whereas the latter have higher SiO2 content. Other oxide contents of the two classes of fly ashes are comparable. Then, to demonstrate the potential beneficial use of chemical composition information of fly ash, an alkali‐silica reaction (ASR) durability index was proposed to predict the comparative performance of fly ash in mitigating ASR in concrete. The index value was calculated using SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaO, and equivalent alkali contents. Previously published research of the use of fly ash in mitigating ASR, using ASTM C 1567 and ASTM C 1293 tests, was utilized to validate the proposed index. The index was found capable of differentiating fly ashes in the same ASTM C 618 class. To verify the usefulness of the ASR durability index, ASTM C 1567 tests were carried out in this study, using an ASR reactive sand, two portland cements, four Class C fly ashes, and one Class F fly ash. The results were quite promising and the use of fly ash ASR durability index was herein proposed to screen fly ash for laboratory testing and construction.

Evaluation for Warm Mix Additive‐Modified Asphalt Binders Using Spectroscopy Techniques

Zahid Hossain, A. M. ASCE, Sharon Lewis, Musharraf Zaman, P.E., F. ASCE, Aravinda Buddhala, and Edgar O'Rear

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000562

Posted ahead of print 23 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The recent increase in interest to “fingerprint” or identify commonly used construction materials such as asphalt binders is expected to continue in years to come. To capture basic fingerprint of asphalt binders, spectroscopy devices can be handy and useful. In particular, this study evaluated the effects of two warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives namely, Sasobit® and Aspha‐Min®, on the chemical compositions of a Performance Grade (PG) binder (PG 64‐22). Spectroscopy techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and X‐ray Photo Electron Spectroscopy (XPS) were used in this study. Mass precipitated asphaltenes and maltenes, and straight run asphalt binder samples were analyzed using these techniques and test results were compared with the rheological data. The effectiveness of an anti‐stripping agent (ASA) namely, AD‐here® HP Plus, on a WMA‐ modified binder was also evaluated. Furthermore, the effects of aging on chemical compositions of the ASA‐modified binder were evaluated. Spectroscopy analysis data from this study were in agreement with high temperature performance data of the tested binders. The findings of this study are expected to help in fingerprinting WMA mixes.

High Calcium Bottom Ash Geopolymer: Sorptivity, Pore Size and Resistance to Sodium Sulfate Attack

Chaicharn Chotetanorm, Prinya Chindaprasirt, Vanchai Sata, Sumrerng Rukzon, and Apha Sathonsaowaphak

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000560

Posted ahead of print 23 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Compressive strength, sorptivity, pore size and resistance to sulfate attack of high calcium bottom ash geopolymer mortars were studied. Ground lignite bottom ashes (BA) with median particle sizes of 16, 25 and 32 μm were used. NaOH, sodium silicate and temperature curing were used to activate the geopolymerization. Results showed that the relatively high strengths of 40.0–54.5 MPa were obtained for the high calcium bottom ash geopolymer mortars. The use of fine BA improved the strength and resistance to sulfate attack of mortars. The good performances were due to the high degree of reaction of fine BA and associated low amount of large pores (0.05–100 μm) compared with those of coarse BA. The incorporation of water improved the workability of mixes while the compressive strength, sorptivity and resistance to sulfate attack decreased due to the increase in large pores.

Evaluation of Fly Ash Stabilization of Recycled Asphalt Shingles for Use in Structural Fills

Ali Soleimanbeigi, P.E., Tuncer Edil, Ph.D., P.E., DGE, and Craig Benson, Ph.D., P.E., DGE, NAE

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000558

Posted ahead of print 23 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The majority of tear‐off roofing shingles and manufacturing shingle scraps are currently disposed as solid waste in landfills. Landfills are also the end place for the majority of coal combustion byproducts like fly ash. In this study, geotechnical properties of recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) stabilized with a self‐cementing fly ash for use as structural fill material were systematically evaluated. Compaction, hydraulic conductivity, compressibility, shear strength and coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest of stabilized RAS were evaluated. Results show that stabilized RAS has potential as a lightweight material for use as highway embankment fill or retaining wall backfill.

Properties and Applications of Cement‐Treated Sand‐Expanded Polystyrene Bead Lightweight Fill

Linchang Miao, Ph. D., Fei Wang, Ph. D., Jie Han, Ph. D., P.E., Weihua Lv, and Jing Li

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000556

Posted ahead of print 23 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
To mitigate settlement problems associated with bridge approach embankments over soft soil, a newly‐developed lightweight material was proposed in this study. This lightweight material consisted of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads, the hydraulic sand from the Yangtze River, and cement. The mechanical properties of the mixed lightweight material were determined through a series of laboratory tests, including standard Proctor tests, unconfined compression tests, CBR tests, unconsolidated‐undrained tests, and consolidated‐undrained tests. The laboratory results showed the favorable properties of the lightweight material so that it can be used as a backfill material in highway embankment projects. A field study was also conducted to verify the performance of the embankment backfilled with this lightweight material, which resulted in a smaller settlement as compared with the embankment backfilled with lime‐stabilized soil (with and without any other ground improvement). Sand cone and CBR tests were performed in the field to verify the density and strength/stiffness of the lightweight fill.

Synthesis, Characterization and Application Properties of Aminosulfonate‐Phenol‐Salicylic Acid‐Formaldehyde (AH) Polymer in Concrete

Zhao Hui and Min Deng

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000554

Posted ahead of print 23 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
In this study, a water‐soluble aminosulfonate‐phenol‐salicylic acid‐formaldehyde (AH) polymer was synthesized by the reaction between phenol, sodium sulfanilate, salicylic acid and formaldehyde, the molecular structure of synthesized AH polymer under the optimum reaction conditions was characterized by Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and infrared spectroscopy (IR), the effect of AH polymer on the application properties of concrete, i.e. water reduction percentage, slump preservation, air content, wet density, setting times, the compressive strength and the flexural strength, was compared to aminosulfonate‐phenol‐formaldehyde (AS) polymer. The test results indicated that the molecular weight of AH polymer has a narrower range distribute and a new function group (‐COOH) was bonded to main chain of AH polymer molecule, the use of AH polymer in concrete result in increase of the air content of concrete and decrease of the wet density of fresh concrete, concrete with AH polymer exhibits a higher water reduction percentage value and a lower slump loss, which cause better retardation setting result and lower mechanical properties than concrete with AS polymer at the same dosage.

Characterizing Stability of Asphalt Emulsions Using Electrokinetic Techniques

Ambarish Banerjee, Amit Bhasin, A. M. ASCE, and Jorge Prozzi

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000552

Posted ahead of print 23 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper presents the findings from a study conducted to develop a simple quantitative test method to characterize the stability of asphalt emulsions. The proposed method uses electrokinetic techniques to determine the rate with which an asphalt emulsion breaks when subjected to an electric field. An electric potential is applied to an emulsion sample that causes the asphalt droplets to break from the emulsion and deposit on the electrode of opposite polarity. During this process the current flowing through the sample is recorded in real time. The current versus time relationship provides a measure of the total energy required to break adequate asphalt binder from the emulsion and completely insulate one of the electrodes. The current flowing through the emulsion at any instant is a function of material properties such as stability, viscosity and dielectric of the emulsion. The test method was used with different types of emulsions as well as emulsions that were modified by further dilution or mechanical agitation. Results demonstrate that the parameters obtained from these tests were repeatable and different for different types of asphalt emulsions. Results also demonstrate that for a given type of emulsion the test method is sensitive to factors such as water content and partial breaking due to mechanical agitation. The proposed electrokinetics based method and concomitant parameters provide a repeatable, rapid and quantitative method by which to characterize asphalt emulsions.

Fractional Characteristics of Coal Fly Ash for Beneficial Use

Zhenwei Zhu, Xiqing Wang, Sheng Dai, Baoshan Huang, M. ASCE, and Qiang He

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000550

Posted ahead of print 23 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
As a primary by‐product of coal combustion produced at large quantities, coal fly ash is a material receiving considerable interest for potential large‐scale engineering applications. However, the beneficial use of coal fly ash in concrete production and contaminant removal, which have divergent constraints to sorption capacity, requires a more complete understanding of the surface and sorptive characteristics of fly ash. A systematic analysis of fly ash particle size fractions established linkages between particle size, particle morphology, unburned carbon content, surface area, and sorption capacity. Unburned carbon was enriched in fly ash fractions of the largest particle sizes and associated with irregularly‐shaped particles. Further, the majority of surface area and sorption capacity of fly ash could be attributed to unburned carbon. More importantly, unburned carbon content, specific surface area, and methylene blue sorption capacity were shown to strongly correlate to each other, providing a potentially quantitative basis for understanding the surface properties of fly ash and developing more effective process options to enhance fly ash sorption behavior desirable for specific engineering applications.

Artificial Neural Network Modeling for Dynamic Modulus of Hot Mix Asphalt Using Aggregate Shape Properties

Dharamveer Singh, Musharraf Zaman, F. ASCE, and Sesh Commuri

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000548

Posted ahead of print 20 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Over the past few years, many regression‐based and artificial neural network (ANN)‐based models have been developed to estimate dynamic modulus of hot mix asphalt (HMA). These models use the gradation of aggregates and volumetric properties of compacted samples as input variables to the model. However, none of these models utilize aggregate shape parameters (i.e., angularity, texture, form, and sphericity) in the development of the model. Recently, researchers have expressed concerns that shape parameters of aggregates need to be considered in the estimation of dynamic modulus. The primary objective of this study was to develop an ANN‐based model for the estimation of dynamic modulus of HMA using aggregate shape parameters. Dynamic modulus of twenty different HMA mixes comprised of various sources, sizes, types of aggregates, and different volumetric properties were measured in the laboratory. The shape parameters of different sizes of coarse and fine aggregates were measured using an automated aggregate image measurement system (AIMS). An ANN‐based model was developed considering the following input variables: aggregate shape parameters (i.e., angularity, texture, form, and sphericity), frequency, asphalt viscosity, and air voids of compacted samples. Sensitivity analysis of each model parameter was conducted by correlating these parameters with dynamic modulus. It is expected that present study would be helpful in predicting the dynamic modulus of HMA using the aggregate shape parameters.

The Prediction of Ductile Fracture for S235JR Steel Using the Stress Modified Critical Strain (SMCS) and Gurson‐Tvergaard‐Needleman (GTN) Models

P. G. Kossakowski

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000546

Posted ahead of print 20 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The paper presents results of experimental and numerical modelling of ductile fracture and failure of elements made of S235JR steel subjected to static tension. The prediction of failure was generally based on the Stress Modified Critical Strain (SMCS) model. The numerical simulations were performed using the Gurson‐Tvergaard‐Needleman (GTN) model, which takes into consideration the material structure. The approach applied in this study was based on the computational cells with microstructurally‐based length scales. The cell size and initial porosity were determined through microstructural examinations of S235JR steel. The parameters of the GTN model for S235JR steel were established on the basis of the microstructural analysis and the numerical modelling of tensile strength tests. As a result, it was possible to determine the SMCS failure criterion to predict ductile fracture for S235JR steel.

Microstructural Characterization of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Asphalt Materials

Augusto Cannone Falchetto, Antonio Montepara, Gabriele Tebaldi, and Mihai O. Marasteanu

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000544

Posted ahead of print 20 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Most studies addressing the use of recycled asphalt materials in asphalt paving mixtures are based on experimental tests and performance evaluation. Investigating the effect of adding recycled materials to the microstructure of asphalt mixtures has received little consideration. For example, higher order microstructural information can be used in place of simple volumetric information as input in micromechanical models that can more accurately predict effective properties of asphalt mixtures. In this paper, the influence of adding three different recycled materials, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), Manufacturer Waste Scrap Shingles (MWSS), and Tear‐Off Scrap Shingles (TOSS) on the microstructural distribution of the aggregate phase is investigated using digitally processed images of asphalt mixtures and numerical evaluation of 2‐ and 3‐point correlation functions. No significant variations are found among the gradation curves and minimal differences were observed for 2‐ and 3‐point correlation functions. This indicates the addition of the recycled materials does not significantly affect the aggregate spatial distribution of the asphalt mixtures. However, an increase in autocorrelation length was found for some of the mixtures containing recycled shingles.

Imposed Deformations in Concrete: Case Study of an Underground Car Park

Petschke Tobias, Corres Hugo, García Eduardo, and Pérez Alejandro

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000542

Posted ahead of print 20 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The displacements produced by imposed deformations in buildings are usually compensated with expansion joints. A field study has been conducted in an underground parking facility with large joint‐less modules to measure the effects of shrinkage and temperature. The advantage of on‐site measurements is the possibility to capture the combined effects of different imposed deformations that are usually studied isolated in laboratory experiments. This article describes the instrumentation and monitoring procedures, displays and analyses the registered data and discusses the obtained results. Ambient and structural temperatures as well as displacements were recorded. Measuring was commenced during the initial construction phase and maintained throughout a period of five years. It could be shown that the measured longitudinal displacements were exclusively caused by shrinkage and temperature and that these displacements were not hindered by structural monolithity.

Mechanical Properties of an Upgrading Cold Mix Asphalt Using Waste Materials

Shakir Al‐Busaltan, Hassan Al Nageim, William Atherton, and George Sharples

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000540

Posted ahead of print 20 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Considerable advantages could be achieved if the Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures (CBEM's) show comparable engineering properties to Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA); particularly as CBEM's require no heat within the manufacture and laying process. As a result, such pavement produces less environmental impact, is more cost effective and requires less energy consumption. This paper focuses on upgrading the CBEM's to a stage whereby its mechanical properties are comparable to traditional HMA. Waste or by‐product materials were used within the CBEM's to improve the mechanical properties, namely Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus and Creep Stiffness. Five percentages from 0 to 5.5% of aggregate mass in the mixture of the LJMU‐FA1 which is waste or by‐product material was incorporated in the CBEM's. The results have illustrated a comparative enhancement in the mechanical properties of the new cold mixtures due to the use of the specific waste materials. Thus, new CBEM's having superior mechanical properties compared with the traditional HMA were developed.

Concrete Deterioration Mechanisms under Combined Sulfate Attack and Flexural Loading

Rundong Gao, Qingbin Li, and Shunbo Zhao

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000538

Posted ahead of print 20 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The deterioration mechanisms of sulfate attack on concrete under sustained loading and wet‐dry cycling were investigated based upon micro‐ and macro‐observations. The mass fraction of sodium sulfate solution was 6.9%. Three loading levels of 20%, 40% and 60% of ultimate flexural load were considered and the load was mechanically applied to the specimens under four‐point bending. Micro‐observations included the analysis of the chemical products formed using thermal analysis and the determination of the sulfate‐ion content profile using the modified barium sulfate gravimetric method (chemical titration). Macro‐observations primarily included visual observations and flexural strength changes. Test results showed: under alternate action of wet‐dry cycling, concretes are attacked by expansive products such as ettringite and gypsum during the wetting cycle, and crystallization damage, induced by evaporation, is superposed during the drying cycle; the tensile stresses can increase diffusivity by initiating or developing microcracks; the compressive stresses are small compared with the concrete compressive strength, so any effect on ion transport properties is not obvious; under simultaneous sulfate attack and flexural loading, deterioration is aggravated as the loading level increases, and this is characterized on the macro‐scale by the increased strength degradation. This research can provide some references for the assessment method of concrete structures under combined sulfate attack and loading action.

Experimental Study on the Possibility of Using Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete to Reduce Conventional Rebars in Beam‐Column Joints

Junichiro Niwa, Kabir Shakya, Koji Matsumoto, and Ken Watanabe

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000536

Posted ahead of print 13 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
In the rigid‐framed railway bridges, due to excessive amount of rebars in beams and columns, the over congestion at the beam‐column joints is evident. Hence, the use of steel fibers to avoid the over congestion by reducing amount of longitudinal and shear rebars in the beam‐column joints of rigid‐framed railway bridges was investigated in this paper. The experiments were conducted on eight one‐sixth scaled specimens which include four T‐joint and four knee‐joint specimens. In the control specimens, the amount of steel rebars and their arrangements and detailings resembled the as built configuration of the rigid‐framed railway bridge in Japan. In the other specimens, the amount of steel rebars was reduced and steel fibers were varied as 0%, 1.0% and 1.5% by volume. The experimental results of the specimens were compared in terms of crack patterns, load‐displacement relationships, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and stiffness degradation and found that the performance of the control specimens and specimens with 1.5% of steel fibers and reduced steel rebars was comparable.

Erratum for “Fatigue Characteristics of Bitumen‐Filler Mastics and Asphalt Mixtures” by Min‐Chih Liao, Jian‐Shiuh Chen, and Ko‐Wan Tsou

Min‐Chih Liao, Jian‐Shiuh Chen, and Ko‐Wan Tsou

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/

Posted ahead of print 13 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Abstract Unavailable

Mechanical Property Prediction for High Early Strength Self‐Consolidating Concrete

Young Hoon Kim, David Trejo, Hakan N. Atahan, and Mary Beth D. Hueste

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000532

Posted ahead of print 11 April 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Concrete design codes include equations to estimate the modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and splitting tensile strength (STS) of concrete based on the compressive strength. These equations have been developed based on data from normal strength conventional concrete (CC). Precast, prestressed concrete plants require that the concrete used to fabricate their structural members attain high early strength (HES). Plant conditions lend themselves to the use of self‐consolidating concrete (SCC) and HES SCC could be an economical option for use under these conditions. However, limited work has been documented to determine if SCC can achieve high early strengths and limited work has been reported to determine if standard design equations are applicable for HES SCC. SCC is proportioned to achieve good flow while maintaining a homogeneous structure. To achieve this, SCC typically has to have higher paste and lower coarse aggregate volumes than CC. These conditions and the addition of newer chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) could result in the mechanical properties of the SCC being different from those of CC. This research investigated the correlations between the compressive strength and the MOE, MOR, and STS. Results indicate that existing equations in the American Concrete Institute (ACI) and the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials Load and Resistant Factor Design (AASHTO) Specifications can be used to estimate the MOE and STS of HES SCC. However, the applicability of the AASHTO (2008) lower and upper bound MOR expressions depends on the influence of the compressive strength on measured to predicted MOR values. The AASHTO (2008) lower and upper bound MOR expressions are considered appropriate design equations for SCC mixtures with measured compressive strengths ranging from 55 to 76 MPa (8 to 11 ksi). Equations developed in this research can be used for similar HES SCC mixtures with compressive strengths ranging from approximately 34 to 110 MPa (5 to 16 ksi).

New Unreacted‐Core Model to Predict Pyrrhotite Oxidation in Concrete Dams

Izelman Oliveira, Sergio H. P. Cavalaro, and Antonio Aguado

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000531

Posted ahead of print 31 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Pyrites and pyrrhotites are the most abundant minerals of the iron sulfide group in nature and may be found in aggregates used to produce concrete. In presence of water and oxygen, such compounds generate expansive reaction that may have severe structural damages. This is especially critical in concrete dams given the big volume of material used and the movement restrictions imposed by the surroundings. In this cases, the definition of adequate rehabilitation programs depend on the prediction of the expansive reaction evolution and the future behavior of the structure. Although models that describe solid particles‐gas reactions may be used with such purpose, none of them was developed specifically to simulate this phenomenon in dams. This paper introduces a new kinetic model based on the unreacted‐core model for the pyrrhotite oxidation. The comparison of the results obtained with this new model and with the direct application of the unreacted‐core model show significant differences. Following an extensive parametric study, a simplified constitutive equation is proposed to estimate the pyrrhotite oxidation kinetics in concrete dams. The estimations performed with this constitutive equation show a good agreement with the experimental data obtained in the tests of different particle sizes.

Comparison of Mix Design Methods for Porous Asphalt Mixtures

Bradley J. Putman, A. M. ASCE and Laura C. Kline

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000529

Posted ahead of print 29 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Porous asphalt mixtures have been used for more than 60 years, but it was not until 1974 that the first formalized procedure was created by the FHWA to design mixtures for open‐graded friction courses (OGFC). Since that time, there have been several other mix design procedures developed and adapted, mainly for OGFCs on high volume roadways. In the past decade, porous asphalt pavements have been gaining popularity as a stormwater best management practice (BMP) and utilize similar mixtures as those used for OGFCs. However, for any porous mixtures to perform as intended, they must be designed and constructed properly. Across the US, there are currently more than 20 different methods used to design these mixtures. The objective of this research was to compare the different mix design procedures currently used across the US. The results indicated that some of the procedures result in a range of design binder contents instead of a single value. This does not provide much guidance to inexperienced designers, which could result in pavement performance issues that could prevent the future use of porous asphalt mixtures.

Prediction of Early Age Normal Concrete Compressive Strength Based on Dynamic Shear Modulus Measurements

Giri Venkiteela, Zhihui Sun, and Husam Najm

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000528

Posted ahead of print 27 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
In this research, the relationship between the compressive strength (fc) and the dynamic shear modulus (Gd) of normal concrete at early age was studied. In order to investigate the correlation between fc and Gd at early age, different types of mixtures including mortar and concrete were prepared and the corresponding fc and Gd values were measured every 12 hours after initial mixing up to 72 hours after casting. Influences of hydration age, water‐to‐cement (w/c) ratio, curing temperature, aggregate volume content and maximum aggregate size on the Gdfc relationship of concrete were studied. The Gdfc relationship was then mathematically modeled by using multivariable power laws. It was observed that the developed model is reasonably accurate to predict early‐age compressive strength of concrete with variations in hydration age, aggregate content and sizes. This type of model can be used directly in the field for the estimation of concrete strength when NDT techniques are employed.

Influence of the Type of Coarse Lightweight Aggregate on Properties of Semi‐Lightweight Self‐Consolidating Concrete

Jacek Kwasny, Mohammed Sonebi, Susan E. Taylor, Yun Bai, Kieran Owens, and William Doherty

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000527

Posted ahead of print 27 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper presents studies of fresh and hardened properties of the Semi‐Lightweight Self‐Consolidating Concrete (SLWSCC) mixtures, produced with two types of manufactured coarse lightweight aggregates (LWA) and normal weight sand. The first type, a sintered pulverised fuel ash, was made from an industrial by‐product — fly ash, while the second one, an expanded clay, was produced from a naturally sourced clay. For all the mixtures, normal weight sand was used as a fine fraction of aggregates, and the portland cement was partially replaced with a limestone powder. The SLWSCC was produced with different water pre‐saturation regimes of the LWAs. The desired initial slump‐flow spread was set between 700 and 800 mm. Additionally, the effect of three superplasticisers on SLWSCC, normal weight SCC and paste mixtures was evaluated. Three SCC fresh properties were measured: the slump‐flow, the V‐funnel flow time and the J‐ring blocking step. Moreover, the slump‐flow loss was evaluated. The degree of segregation was assessed in both fresh and hardened state. Additionally, the hardened density and the compressive strengths were tested. All SLWSCC mixtures were produced with desired range of slump‐flow spread and with the satisfactory passing ability assessed with the J‐ring test. It was found that SLWSCCs prepared with the expanded clay LWA were less sensitive to the variation of water pre‐saturation levels and showed lower viscosity than those made with the sintered pulverised fuel ash LWA. Only mixtures containing SP‐3 superplasticiser showed acceptable workability loss resistance. The saturated surface‐dry density of all of the mixtures varied in a range of 2025–2125 kg/m3. Mixtures containing 29% of coarse LWAs and 71% of sand (by mass) had 24 hours and 28‐day compressive strengths above 20 and 40 MPa, respectively, but the mixtures made with the expanded clay were slightly weaker.

Effects of Surface Rutting on Near‐Surface Pavement Responses Based on Two‐Dimensional Axle‐Tire‐Pavement Interaction Finite Element Model

Guangming Wang, Reynaldo Roque, and Dennis Morian, P.E.

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000526

Posted ahead of print 27 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Road surface profile is an important factor that affects the dynamic responses of the vehicle, which in turn affects pavement responses. In this study, a complete two‐dimensional (2‐D) axle‐tire‐pavement interaction finite element model was developed to investigate the effects of a rutted surface on near‐surface pavement responses. The results indicate there is a significant difference in tire‐pavement contact stress distributions between a rutted surface and a flat surface. The presence of a rutted surface increases both the propensity for top‐down cracking and severity for instability rutting. The observed trend indicates that the greater the existing rut severity, the more likely the development of top‐down cracking and increased rutting.

Effects of Lime Content on Moisture Susceptibility of Rubberized Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures Using Warm Mix Additives in Terms of Statistical Analysis

V. S. Punith, Feipeng Xiao, and Serji N. Amirkhanian

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000525

Posted ahead of print 27 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The present study is focused on evaluating the effect of hydrated lime content on the moisture susceptibility of polymerized stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures using moist aggregates and three different warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives. Indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile strength ratio (TSR), deformation, and toughness were performed to determine the moisture sensitivity of these mixtures. The experimental design included aggregate moisture content (∼0.5% by weight of dry mass of the aggregate), two aggregate sources (B and C), two hydrated lime contents (1% and 2% by weight of aggregate), three WMA additives (Asphamin®, Sasobit® and Evotherm®) along with control mixture, and four different types of binders (i.e., PG 64−22 + 10% crumb rubber (CR) (minus #40 mesh), PG 64−22 + 15% CR, PG 64−22 + 20% CR and PG 76−22 + Fibers) were used in this study. Totally 256 samples were utilized for the ITS testing in the present study. In general, except for mixture with 10% CR using Evotherm, all other mixtures using WMA additives met the minimum wet ITS requirement of 448 kPa as per SCDOT specifications. Test results indicated that 24 mixtures failed to meet the minimum TSR requirement of 85%. Test results showed that by increasing the lime content to 2%, majority of the mixtures using WMA showed improvement in the TSR values.

Using Viscosity Modifiers to Reduce Effective Diffusivity in Mortars

Kenneth A. Snyder, Dale P. Bentz, and Jeffrey M. Davis

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000524

Posted ahead of print 27 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Three viscosity modifiers (a commercial shrinkage‐reducing admixture, a polypropylene glycol, and cellulose ether) are used to reduce the effective diffusivity of chloride ions through mortars during a one‐year exposure. Two delivery mechanisms were studied: adding a viscosity modifier to the mix water; and diluting the viscosity modifier in water, pre‐wetting fine lightweight aggregate (LWA) with the solution, and replacing a portion of the sand with the pre‐wetted LWA, which is equivalent to the practice of using LWA for internal curing. After a 28‐day curing period, the cylinders were submerged in a 1 mol/L chloride solution. After 24 weeks and 52 weeks of exposure, micro X‐ray fluorescence analysis was used to profile the radial chloride concentration under ambient air pressure. The effective diffusivity was estimated by regression, assuming ideal Fickian radial diffusion. Compared with the control mortar (no admixture, no LWA), the addition of the viscosity modifier to the mix water reduced the effective diffusivity by nearly a factor of two, and using LWA saturated with a viscosity modifier reduced the effective diffusivity by a factor greater than two. Therefore, the use of these viscosity modifiers has the potential to double the service life of any concrete that may be subjected to degradation that depends upon diffusion, such as corrosion of the steel reinforcement and sulfate attack.

Effects of Cold Temperature and Strain Rate on the Stress‐Strain Behavior of ASTM A706/A706M Mild Steel Reinforcement

Jared Levings and Sri Sritharan, M. ASCE

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000523

Posted ahead of print 21 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper discusses the results of an experimental study conducted on ASTM A706/A706M Grade 420 (60) mild steel reinforcement at varying temperatures and strain rate to aid in the design of structures that experience seasonal freezing. The test data for this study was collected by performing monotonic testing of A706/A706M reinforcement samples at 20°C (68°F), 5°C (41°F), −1°C (30.2°F), −20°C (−4°F), and −40°C (−40°F) within an environmental chamber that maintained the desired temperature throughout testing. In addition, the response of samples subjected to different strain rates were examined at −1°C (30.2°F) and −20°C (−4°F). The impact of cold temperature and/or strain rate on the following key parameters, used to define the stress‐strain behavior of the reinforcing steel, was examined: yield strength, elastic modulus, onset of strain hardening, ultimate tensile strength, and ultimate tensile strain. The study revealed that the yield and ultimate tensile strengths increase moderately as the temperature decreases and the strain rate increases. The strength increases associated with low temperature occurred even before reaching 0°C (32°F), confirming that the changes in behavior of reinforcing steel is gradual. The elastic modulus and ultimate strain, however, were largely unaffected by both cold temperature and strain rate.

Influence of Fungus on Properties of Concrete Made with Waste Foundry Sand

Gurdeep Kaur, Rafat Siddique, Ph.D., and Anita Rajor, Ph.D.

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000521

Posted ahead of print 21 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Waste foundry sands (WFS) represent the highest amount of solid wastes generated by foundries. The high cost of land‐ filling and the potential uses of waste foundry sand in construction purposes have prompted research into their beneficial reuse. Microbial modified mortar/concrete has become an important area of research for high‐performance construction materials. This study investigates the effects of fungal (Eupenicillium crustaceum) treated waste foundry sand on concrete properties as partial replacements of sand. It shows increase in compressive strength up to 24%, decrease in water absorption (44%) and porosity (50%) in concrete made fungal treated 20% WFS after 28 days of curing as compared to untreated concrete made with 20% WFS. The strength improvement is due to microbially induced mineral formed by fungi often referred as ‘calcified filaments’ confirms by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrum (EDS). The formation of calcium oxalate (Weddellite) in Urease broth by fungi confirms by XRD. This ability of fungal culture to form the biomineral results in improvement of concrete properties.

A New Approach to Recycle Asphalt Shingles in Hot Mix Asphalt

Mostafa A. Elseifi, Saman Salari, Louay N. Mohammad, Marwa Hassan, William H. Daly, and Samer Dessouky

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000520

Posted ahead of print 21 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The objective of this study is to introduce a new approach to recycle asphalt shingles in asphalt paving construction in which RAS is ground to ultra‐fine particle sizes and blended with asphalt binder through a wet process. In the proposed wet process, the ground recycled material is blended with the binder at high temperature prior to mixing with the aggregates. Two unmodified binders that are classified as PG 64‐22 and PG 52‐28 were blended with two contrasting sources of RAS at a modification content ranging from 10 to 40% by weight of the binder. The use of RAS modification through the proposed wet process was successful in the laboratory. Based on the results of the experimental program, the use of RAS modification through the proposed wet process would generally improve or not influence the high temperature grade of the binder but it may reduce the low temperature grade of the binder. As demonstrated in this study, an optimum shingle content may be identified that will improve the high temperature grade without influencing the low temperature grade of the binder. Using Confocal Laser‐Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), wax crystals ranging from 4 to 8 microns in size were successfully detected. However, wax crystals were not detected in the RAS‐modified binder, which may indicate that the wax molecules are absorbed by the RAS material. Results of High‐Pressure Gel Permeation Chromatography (HP‐GPC) showed that the proposed wet method of modification produced a slight increase of the High Molecular Weight (HMW) (> 3000 Daltons) content in the prepared blends at higher RAS contents suggesting that a fraction of the RAS binder is contributing to the blend properties.

Performance of MEPDG Dynamic Modulus Predictive Models for Asphalt Concrete Mixtures — Local Calibration for Idaho

Sherif El‐Badawy, Ph.D., Fouad Bayomy, M. ASCE, P.E., Ph.D., and Ahmed Awed

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000518

Posted ahead of print 21 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The Mechanistic‐Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) is the research version of the newly released DARWin‐METM™ software by AASHTO. MEPDG includes two models for levels 2 and 3 hot‐mix asphalt (HMA) dynamic modulus (E∗) predictions. The two models are NCHRP 1‐37A and NCHRP 1‐40D. The main difference between the two is the binder stiffness parameter; viscosity or shear modulus. Moreover, MEPDG includes three levels for binder stiffness characterization. Viscosity for level 1 conventional binders, shear modulus for level 1 Superpave binders and default values for level 3. This paper evaluates the influence of the binder characterization input level on the performance of the MEPDG E∗ predictive models. To calibrate the models for Idaho, 27 HMA mixtures commonly used in Idaho were investigated. Results showed that the performance of the investigated models varies based on the temperature and the binder characterization method. The NCHRP1‐37A E∗ model along with MEPDG level 3 binder inputs yielded the most accurate and least biased E∗ estimates. The accuracy of this model was further enhanced by introducing a local calibration factor.

A Laboratory Study for Comparing Rutting Performance of Limestone and Basalt Superpave Asphalt Mixtures

Ghazi G. Al‐Khateeb, Taisir S. Khedaywi, Turki I. Al‐Suleiman Obaidat, and Ahmad Mirwais Najib

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000519

Posted ahead of print 21 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The main objective of this research effort was to conduct a rutting performance‐based comparison between limestone and basalt Superpave asphalt mixtures using dynamic creep rutting tests. Two sets of mixtures were prepared using limestone and basalt aggregate, mixed with one asphalt binder having a Superpave performance grade of PG 64‐10. In order to overcome the stripping potential of the Superpave basalt asphalt mixtures, 1% by total weight of the basalt aggregate was replaced by hydrated lime for the filler portion of the aggregate. Rutting was evaluated at four different temperatures: 40, 50, 60 and 65°C and one loading frequency of 8 Hz. Rutting test results indicated that the basalt Superpave asphalt mixtures performed superior over the limestone Superpave asphalt mixtures. Findings of this study revealed that the difference in the rut depth at 19,200 loading cycles between the limestone and basalt asphalt mixtures was statistically significant at levels of α = 1, 5, 1, and 0.5 percent for the temperatures: 40, 50, 60 and 65°C, respectively. It was also shown that the difference in the rut depth at 200,000 loading cycles between the two asphalt mixtures was statistically significant at levels of α = 1, 5, 0.1, and 0.1 percent for the temperatures: 40, 50, 60 and 65°C, respectively. In addition, the difference in the number of loading cycles to rutting failure between limestone and basalt asphalt mixtures was also statistically significantat level of α = 0.1 percent for all temperatures.

The Mechanical Behaviour of a New Base Material Containing High Volumes of Limestone Waste Dust, PFA and APC Residues

Behrooz Saghafi, Hassan Al Nageim, and William Atherton

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000517

Posted ahead of print 21 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The results of research which evaluated the benefits of the stabilisation of Type 1 subbase material to which had been added a high volume of limestone quarry waste dust is reported in this work. There is extensive interest in introducing large volumes of quarry waste dusts to the Type 1 subbase which is used in the construction of the vast majority of the foundations for roads and other pavements in the UK. Previous experience indicated that replacement of 10–30% of Type 1 subbase with limestone quarry waste dust coveted the mixture making it inadequate for pavement foundation purposes. When pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and lime were added to these materials, the new mixture improved to a level which made the materials suitable for use as subbase in pavements. However, lime was still a costly industrial product and a major CO2 emitter. Replacement of lime with another capable PFA activator of waste or recycled origin was sought. After examining several potential wastes, air pollution control (APC) residues could not only activate the PFA to stabilise the Type 1 subbase containing high volumes of limestone quarry waste dust, but created a final mixture of more desirable mechanical properties than PFA‐lime generated. Unconfined compressive strength, resilient modulus and plastic deformation of both PFA‐lime and PFA‐APC residues stabilised materials have been studied to reveal the performance of the novel binder of PFA and APC residues in enhancing the mechanical properties of Type 1 subbase to which was introduced high volumes of limestone quarry waste dust. The final mixture has significantly contributed in accommodating three types of waste materials to be used in pavement foundations.

Dowel‐Bearing Strength Behavior of Glued Laminated Guadua Bamboo

Fernando Ramirez, Juan F. Correal, Luis E. Yamin, Juan C. Atoche, and Carlos M. Piscal

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000515

Posted ahead of print 10 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Bamboo is an excellent eco‐friendly construction material due to its high renewable rate, embodied energy, reduction of pollution, high strength to weight ratio, and low cost. However, the use of round bamboo is limited due to variations in dimensions, properties and composition, and the difficulty of making connections. Laminated bamboo has the potential to overcome these difficulties. Therefore, its mechanical properties and the behavior of the connections need to established. In this research the dowel‐bearing strength of glued laminated guadua bamboo angustifolia kunt is experimentally determined under nail and threaded bar fasteners with different diameters, and in different loading directions. A 3D FEM computational model is developed with excellent agreement with experimental results. It was found that, similar to wood, the bearing strength depends on both the diameter and the specimen width to diameter ratio. The local behavior of the zone under the fastener is different of the bulk material. Expressions to determine these local properties as functions of the bulk properties are proposed, as well as equations for the bearing strength in terms of the specimen width to fastener diameter ratio.

Comparison of Seismic Responses of Geosynthetically‐Reinforced Walls with Tire Derived Aggregates (TDA) and Granular Backfills

Ming Xiao, Jan Bowen, Mathew Graham, and Jesus Larralde

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000514

Posted ahead of print 10 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper reports the seismic responses of geosynthetically reinforced walls with two types of backfills using shake table tests. The backfills are tire derived aggregates (TDA) and poorly graded sand, respectively. Mechanically stabilized walls with reinforced TDA backfill have not been fully tested under seismic conditions. In this study, two geosynthetically reinforced walls are tested on a one‐dimensional shake table. A section of reduced‐scale MSE wall (1.6m high, 1.5m deep, and 1.5m long) is built in a box that is anchored on a shake table that can generate earthquake excitations obtained from actual field recordings. Layers of geogrid are used as reinforcement. The geosynthetic reinforcement is based on static external and internal stability design. In each test, the segmental MSE wall is instrumented with accelerometers, linear variable differential transformers (LVDT), linear potentiometers, and dynamic soil stress gauges to respectively record the accelerations, wall vertical deformations, horizontal deflections of wall face, and transient effective stresses during the shaking. The experimental study reveals the advantageous seismic performances of a geosynthetically reforced wall with TDA backfill over an MSE wall using traditional granular backfill.

Effects of Curing Time and Reheating on Performance of Warm Stone Matrix Asphalt

Imad L. Al‐Qadi, Dist. M. ASCE, Hao Wang, A. M. ASCE, Jongeun Baek, Zhen Leng, Matt Doyen, and Steve Gillen

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000513

Posted ahead of print 10 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of curing time and reheating on short‐term performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures with various warm mix additives (Evotherm, Sasobit, and foamed asphalt) using laboratory performance tests. The laboratory tests included complex modulus, loaded wheel track, indirect tensile (IDT) strength, and semi‐circular beam (SCB) fracture. In the laboratory tests, plant‐produced mixes that were sampled from a field overlay project were compacted in the laboratory with and without reheating, and performance tests were conducted at various curing times after compaction. The effect of curing time on mixture characteristics is dependent on the mixture type and performance test considered. The mixtures containing warm mix additives show similar variations in mixture properties due to curing time compared to the control mixture. On the other hand, the reheating process causes asphalt mixtures to have greater modulus, tensile strength, and rutting resistance, but smaller fracture resistance. Among the mixtures containing various warm mix additives, the mixture containing Sasobit shows the relatively smallest changes in mixture properties due to reheating. Finally, it was discovered that compared to the control mixture, the warm SMA mixtures show variations in different performance characteristics, depending on the type of warm mix additives and recycled materials.

Influence of Filler Addition on Mechanical Behaviour of Cementitious Mortar ‐ Rubber Aggregates: Experimental Study and Modelling

Mohamed Turki, Inès Zarrad, Estelle Bretagne, and Michèle Quéneudec

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000512

Posted ahead of print 10 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This work focuses on the feasibility of reusing and valorising rubber aggregates from shredded worn tires in cement paste. This kind of eco‐material could be used in special building, in road or pavement, in area games, etc. Volume fractions of sand were substituted by the same volume of rubber aggregates. The volume contains ratio of rubber aggregates ranged from 0 to 50%. Nevertheless compressive and flexural strengths decrease when rubber aggregates volume ratio increases in mortar ‐ rubber aggregates mixtures. A solution to mechanical strengths decrease consists in adding mineral particles such as siliceous or limestone fillers. Experimental characterisation of mechanical behaviour of mortar — rubber aggregates containing either siliceous or limestone fillers is developed in this article. We observe that the use of either siliceous filler or limestone filler enhances mechanical properties. Modelling is developed to predict compressive and flexural strengths of mortar rubber aggregates mixtures using the fuzzy logic method. Afterward experimental mechanical results are compared with modelling.

Drop Weight Impact Strength Measurement Method for Porous Concrete Using Laser Doppler Velocimetry

Ayda Safak Agar Ozbek, Jaap Weerheijm, Erik Schlangen, and Klaas van Breugel

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000511

Posted ahead of print 10 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
In this study, an experimental configuration that reveals the dynamic response of porous concretes in a drop weight impact test was introduced. Through the measurement of particle velocity at the interface between the impactor and the concrete target, the dynamic response was obtained in an easily applicable way. Laser Doppler velocimetry was used in monitoring the time history of the particle velocity at the interface which was subsequently analyzed to determine the dynamic strengths of the concrete specimens tested. The velocity measurements were analyzed using a special reverberation application of the impedance mismatch method. The test results showed that the experimental configuration was sufficient to measure the dynamic strengths of porous concretes as well as a normal concrete with a moderate strength. The method was validated by using impactors having different dynamic impedances in testing the same material and was also verified to be precise enough to distinguish between different types of porous concrete mixtures.

Structural Characterization of Micromechanical Properties in Asphalt Using Atomic Force Microscopy

R. Grover Allen, Dallas N. Little, and Amit Bhasin

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000510

Posted ahead of print 7 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper presents the findings from a study that semi‐quantitatively evaluates the micro‐rheological properties of the asphalt binder using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The paper also presents the differences between these properties amongst the various microstructures within an asphalt binder as well as the influence of oxidative aging on these properties. The following sections describe background information and the research approach used to achieve the aforementioned objectives. The approach described uses nano‐indentation experiments performed within a micro‐grid of asphalt phases to determine micromechanical properties such as stiffness, adhesion and elastic/plastic behavior. The materials evaluated include asphalts AAB, AAD and ABD from the Materials Reference Library (MRL) of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), chosen due to variations in crude source, chemical composition and elemental analysis for each asphalt type. The analysis of nano‐indentation creep measurements corresponding to phase‐separated regions revealed heterogeneous domains in asphalt with different mechanical properties, and oxidative aging was found to induce substantial microstructural change within these domains, including variations in phase structure, phase properties and phase distribution. The form and extent of these changes, however, were different for each asphalt studied. The interpretation of data collected from the AFM experiments in this study advances the understanding of the microstructural makeup of asphalt binders and the response of the microstructural phases of the asphalt binder under load as well as how the mechanical responses in the phases change with aging.

Analysis of the Evaluation Indices from TSRST

Tan Yiqiu, Zhang Lei, and Ji Lun

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000509

Posted ahead of print 7 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Since TSRST is recommended by SHRP as a test method to evaluate low temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures, lots of studies have been carried out to investigate the performance of asphalt mixture with this test using fracture temperature as the indictor. However, few of them focus on discussing its rationality. In this paper, six kinds of asphalts mixtures are evaluated by TSRST, and it is found that the evaluation results obtained by the four indices are contradictory; It is also inferred from the results of each index coefficient of variation that fracture temperature and transition temperature are more stable when they are used to evaluate low temperature performance of asphalt mixtures; Through the application of principal component analysis and Boston Consulting Group's Matrix on the TSRST results, it is proved that fracture temperature used as the indictor of low temperature performance of asphalt mixture is rational, and this conclusion is verified by gray relation analysis between the four indices from TSRST and bending strain energy density.

Paraffin Wax as a Sealant in Sorptivity Testing

Miguel Antonio Nunes, Charles Martin Ormsby, Vimal Patel, Ting Peng, and Andrew Boyd

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000508

Posted ahead of print 1 March 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The durability and sustainability of concrete structures is a prime socio‐economic concern of contemporary society. The lifecycle of these structures is typically determined by the rate of moisture ingress, in which dissolved and unwanted substances are transported into the structure. Therefore finding a sufficient means to measure these rates is of utmost importance. It has been found that a sorptivity testing scheme as outlined by ASTM C 1585 can be a useful means of measuring how quickly liquid can be transported unidirectionally through concrete samples in the laboratory. Currently, the standard prescribes that disc specimens 100 mm in diameter and 50 mm thick be sealed in such a manner to ensure unidirectional flow through one, unsealed face of the sample, while all other surfaces are appropriately sealed. However the standard does not specify how this seal is to be achieved. Furthermore, differing methods have yielded a likewise array of varied results, which may not be representative of the true sorptivity. The objective of this paper is to propose a simple, but effective means of sealing the specimens that will yield more consistent results, which are more representative of the actual absorption properties of the concrete. This was accomplished by studying the performance of electrical insulation tape and cellophane (as suggested in the standard) against paraffin wax using three different mixture designs: one involving normal strength concrete (NSC) without air entrainment (AEA), one a NSC mixture with AEA, and another of self‐consolidating concrete (SCC) without AEA. The prepared specimens were subjected to various freeze‐thaw cycling periods, conditioned, and then tested for sorptivity. Batches of samples were exposed to freeze‐thaw cycling periods of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 cycles. Within each group of samples, half of the specimens were sealed with electrical tape and cellophane and the other half were sealed with paraffin wax in order to conduct sorptivity testing. Specimens coated in wax typically exhibited lower absorption values than those wrapped in tape. Furthermore, it was observed that the tape would not adhere perfectly with the concrete at the edge formed by the cylindrical wall and the exposed surface, resulting in increased sorptivity values. Statistical analysis was done on the rates of early‐age (0–6 hours) and late‐age (1–8 days) sorptivity by using the F‐test to examine variability (with an 80% confidence interval) and the student‐T test was used to evaluate the significance of differences in sample means. Generally, sorptivity rates were higher for taped samples than those for waxed samples. These results further reinforced visual observations. It was also found that the waxed samples yielded more reliable results, primarily because they did not absorb moisture artificially along the sides in the manner as observed in the taped specimens. Moreover, the paraffin wax sealant method also resulted in less variability within test results. Therefore it was believed that the wax facilitated more representative results of the true sorptivity. It was suggested that the procedures of ASTM C 1585 should be refined such that the sealing of test specimens should be done with the use of paraffin wax, or some other similar substance, such as silicone, which is impermeable and readily available commercially.

Prediction of Elastic Modulus of Concrete Using Support Vector Committee Method

Javad Sadoghi Yazdi, Farzin Kalantary, and Hadi Sadoghi Yazdi

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000507

Posted ahead of print 23 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Knowledge about concrete properties is of utmost importance in engineering materials and elastic modulus is one of concrete's most important properties that are used in the calculation of deformation of structures. For this reason many researchers have attempted to introduce various correlations between this property and the compressive strength. In this paper Support Vector Committee (SVC) is used for prediction of elastic modulus of normal strength (NSC) and high strength concrete (HSC). SVC is based on learning theory and deploys the technique by introducing accuracy insensitive loss function. The comparison between concrete elastic modulus predicted by SVC method with the experimental data and those from other methods like Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Fuzzy logic and other conventional method show marked improvement in relation to the best of prediction methods with error indices constantly less than 1%. It is thus concluded that SVC model is a greatly more effective method of prediction for elastic modulus of all grades of concrete.

Internal Influence Factors of Asphalt‐Aggregate Filler Interactions Based on Rheological Characteristics

Yiqiu Tan, Xiaolin Li, and Jiantao Wu

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000506

Posted ahead of print 23 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The interaction parameter K.Ziegel‐B was used as an evaluation index to characterize asphalt‐aggregate filler interactions. In this study of asphalt‐aggregate filler interactions, the rheological properties of asphalt mastics using two kinds of asphalts and four kinds of aggregate powder under different filler concentrations were measured by a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), the internal influence factors of asphalt‐aggregate filler interactions were analysed, and the significance of influence factors are sorted through variance analysis method. The research shows that filler concentration, asphalt components, silica content and particle size of aggregate powder all have a certain regularity effect on asphalt‐aggregate filler interactions. Variance analysis method reveals that the significance order of factors is colloid and asphaltene>particle size of aggregate>silica content>filler concentration.

Shear Behavior of Reinforced Ultrahigh Toughness Cementitious Composite Beams without Transverse Reinforcement

Shi‐Lang Xu, M. ASCE, Li‐Jun Hou, and Xiu‐Fang Zhang

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000505

Posted ahead of print 23 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The shear behavior of reinforced ultrahigh toughness cementitious composite (RUHTCC) beams without transverse reinforcement was investigated in the present paper, where UHTCC has tensile strain‐hardening behavior due to the steady propagation of multiple fine cracks. A total of 15 simply supported beams were subjected to concentrated load at mid‐span, of which 9 beams were RUHTCC beams and 6 beams were RC counterpart beams. The varied parameters were shear span‐effective depth ratio and longitudinal reinforcement ratio. The experimental results showed that an enhanced ultimate shear strength that was about twice larger than that of RC beam was obtained for slender beams with use of UHTCC, whereas only a marginal improvement was obtained for short beams. All tested RUHTCC beams presented diagonal multiple‐cracking mode and stable diagonal crack propagation process. The maximum crack width was controlled within 0.1 mm at service state and the high post‐cracking shear reserve strength was obtained, which means that there is no need of limiting the minimum web reinforcement ratio in engineering design for RUHTCC beam. Based on present test and tests by other investigators, a group of empirical formulae are suggested for predicting the ultimate shear strength of fiber reinforced beams without stirrups. A good agreement between the predicted strength and tested value was shown, with the mean and C.V. of the ratio between them about 1.02 and 0.10, respectively.

Properties of Modified Asphalt Binders Blended with Electronic Waste Powders

Baron W. Colbert and Zhanping You, Ph.D., P.E.

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000504

Posted ahead of print 21 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This study was intended to successfully implement asphalt binders modified with electronic waste (e‐waste) from recycled computer plastics in order to improve asphalt binder performance versus conventional asphalt binders. The e‐waste powder percentages blended with asphalt binders were 2.5%, 5%, and 15%, respectively. Rotational viscosity, dynamic shear rheometer testing, and bending beam rheometer testing was conducted upon modified and virgin asphalt binder samples. The addition of e‐waste powders increased binder viscosity, blending and mixing temperatures, decreased rutting susceptibility versus virgin asphalt binders, and lower percentages of e‐waste powders modified asphalt binders resulted in similar m‐values at the specified low temperature grade of the control asphalt binder.

Assessment of Zero Shear Rate Viscosity in Asphalt Concrete Using Shear Frequency Sweep Testing

Erik Oscarsson and Safwat Said

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000503

Posted ahead of print 21 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This study elaborates on methods for assessing the material property called zero shear rate viscosity (ZSV) in asphalt concrete based on shear frequency sweep testing. The purpose of ZSV assessment is for linear viscoelastic permanent deformation modeling. The basic approach was to fit parameters of the LaPlace transformed Burger's model to the measured shear dynamic modulus data. This method produced multiple solutions although an approximate measure of the minimum ZSV could be estimated. Therefore, extrapolation was necessary in order to assess the frequency independent ZSV based on the measured frequency sweep data. The method was complemented with the simplified Cross extrapolation model that was successfully fitted to the measured data. The extended method also produced multiple solutions although the minimum ZSV could be assessed unambiguously. The results were in accordance with expectations based on measured dynamic shear modulus and phase angle.

Structure of Portland Cement Pastes Blended with Sonicated Silica Fume

Erich D. Rodríguez, Susan A. Bernal, John L. Provis, Jordi Payá, José M. Monzó, and María Victoria Borrachero

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000502

Posted ahead of print 21 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The application of power ultrasound to enhance dispersion of commercial densified silica fume (DSF) leads to increased compressive strengths and refinement of the pore structure in mortars, compared with samples prepared with untreated DSF. This is attributed to the enhanced pozzolanic reactivity achieved by particle dispersion through sonication, leading to higher consumption of portlandite during curing, and the formation of C‐S‐H gel with a higher degree of cross‐linking than is identified in specimens with DSF. This suggests that with the use of sonicated SF, it is possible to reduce the amount of this admixture required in blended cements to achieve specified performance, with the additional advantage of the formation of a highly densified structure and refined pore network, contributing to potential improvements in durability.

Relationship between Autogenous Shrinkage and Tensile Strength of Cement Paste with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM)

Yue Li, Qian‐qian Yan, and Xiuli Du

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000501

Posted ahead of print 18 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF) and ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) were used as the supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in cement paste. The autogenous shrinkage (AS) and the shrinkage cracks of cement paste with SCM were experimentally investigated in this study, and the relationship of AS, tensile strength and crack area of cement paste were analyzed. The test results show that, FA decreases the AS of cement paste, and SF increases the AS. Both the AS and the crack area of cement paste decrease with the increase of water‐binder (W/B) ratio. When W/B ratios of different cement pastes are kept the same, the tensile strength of cement paste is not influenced by the AS if the specimens can shrink freely. Equations are established to describe the relationship among AS, tensile strength and crack area of the cement paste with SCM.

Frost Action Mechanisms of Clay Roofing Tiles — Case Study

J. Ranogajec, P. Kojić, O. Rudić, V. Ducman, and M. Radeka

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000500

Posted ahead of print 13 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Clay roofing tiles fired at five different temperatures (900°C, 920°C, 960°C, 1000°C, 1020°C) were subjected to the investigations of textural characteristics and frost resistance prediction. The closed container and hydraulic pressure mechanisms proved to be dominant at lower firing temperatures (900°C, 920°C) while micro‐ice lens formation mechanism have significant role at higher temperatures (960°C, 1000°C). The highest resistance is noticed for the samples fired at 1020°C where the frost action mechanisms are balanced due to the porous structure which compensates the local stresses developed during freezing. The prediction of frost action durability of clay roofing tiles, the appearance of the first cracks, as well as the prediction of frost action mechanisms given by the statistical model, showed a high level of agreement. The statistical model contains capillary pores (P0.1) and the ratio of frozen and unfrozen water (I) as significant parameters for describing susceptibility to closed container mechanism and micro‐ice lens formation mechanism, respectively.

Damping Capacity of Styrene‐Butadiene Latex Admixed Concrete: A Micromechanical Study

Tongyan Pan, Christie Melgar, and Troy Robinson

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000499

Posted ahead of print 3 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Adequate damping capacity of concrete material is critical for concrete structures to resist impact loads. The effectiveness of styrene‐butadiene latex as a polymer admixture for improving the vibration reduction capacity of concrete matrix is evaluated in this study using a micromechanical‐based numerical approach, aided with laboratory experimental work for determining material parameters and validating developed numerical model. Using the Discrete Element Method (DEM), a user‐defined three‐dimensional model was developed to study the dynamic flexural responses of styrene‐butadiene latex admixed concrete in terms of the loss tangent, storage modulus and loss modulus at three loading frequencies: 0.2, 1 and 5 Hz and a typical ambient temperature: 25°C. The 20 percent usage of styrene‐butadiene latex, by weight of cement, was found to favorably enhance the storage and loss moduli and the loss tangent of concrete. Results from this combined numerical and experimental study can be expected to benefit the design of more resilient concrete materials and structures.

Aggregate Physical Properties Affecting Modulus and Deformation Characteristics of Unsurfaced Pavements

Debakanta Mishra and Erol Tutumluer, M. ASCE

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000498

Posted ahead of print 3 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper presents findings from a recently completed research study at the University of Illinois aimed at investigating the effects of aggregate type and quality on mechanistic pavement response and rutting performance with implications to over 1.6 million miles of unsurfaced roads in the US. Three aggregate types, crushed limestone, crushed dolomite and uncrushed gravel, were tested in the laboratory for resilient modulus (MR) and permanent deformation characteristics at different factorial combinations of selected aggregate physical properties. Aggregate properties studied included particle shape and surface texture, type and amount of fines, and moisture and density in relation to required compaction conditions. Stress‐dependent material characterization models determined from the laboratory MR tests were used in a nonlinear axisymmetric finite element analysis program to compute the vertical compressive stress on top of the subgrade as a critical pavement response. The adequacy of the aggregate layer to carry wheel loads and prevent subgrade rutting was evaluated using the concept of Subgrade Stress Ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio between the vertical stress on top of subgrade and the subgrade unconfined compressive strength. The laboratory testing and modeling showed that aggregate physical properties had significant influences on both the modulus and permanent deformation behavior of unbound aggregates. In addition to protecting the subgrade from rutting by means of placing stiff (high MR) aggregate layers on top, a properly designed unsurfaced pavement system should also evaluate the susceptibility of the aggregate cover itself to excessive rutting preferably through permanent deformation testing of the aggregates. The findings clearly highlighted the importance of considering both the “load spreading” as well as “rut resistance” aspects of the unbound aggregate layer in the design of unsurfaced pavements. The significance of different aggregate properties affecting modulus and permanent deformation model parameters was identified through Statistical Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) conducted on the laboratory test results.

Mechanism Study on the Constructing of Ultra‐Thin Anti‐Seepage Wall by Polymer Injecting

Guo Chengchao and Wang Fuming

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000497

Posted ahead of print 3 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
A new technology of ultra‐thin anti‐seepage wall by polymer injection has been developing. The mechanism of polymer expanding and filling in the slot formed by direct pushing method is studied in this paper. The expansion filling mechanism of the polymer in the preset slot in soil is simulated with the finite volume element method (FVM) and the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The constructing technology of polymer injection is also investigated. The injecting effect has been verified through field experiment, and the anti‐seepage effect of the formed wall has been theoretically analyzed by the finite element method (FEM). The results show that the polymer injection technology is suitable for forming a continuous anti‐seepage wall in earth dams or dikes.

Using Isothermal Calorimetry to Assess the Water Absorbed by Fine LWA during Mixing

J. Castro, I. De La Varga, and W. J. Weiss

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000496

Posted ahead of print 3 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Fine lightweight aggregate (LWA) is being increasingly used for the manufacture of internally cured concrete. Internally cured concrete can be viewed as a concrete that contains fluid (water) in the pores of the LWA (or other porous inclusions) that can be released to the paste after setting. The majority of research performed on internally cured concrete assumes the LWA has been pre‐wetted for some time before mixing (generally lab studies use 24 hour soaking while this value varies in practice). The research described in this paper investigated the potential for using aggregate that begins the mixing process from a different moisture states (i.e., not 24 hour pre‐wetting). Specifically, this paper considers oven‐dry aggregate as a worst case scenario to determine how much water would be absorbed by the LWA during the mixing and placement processes. To determine the amount of water absorbed by the LWA, isothermal calorimetry was used. Two different mixing scenarios were investigated showing that between 56% and 71% of the 24 hour water absorption could be achieved using the worst case scenario of oven dry aggregates. While the use of oven dry aggregate would be extremely rare for a field application (except for possible application to bagged products); this approach could be extended to include fine LWA with other initial moisture conditions as well.

Thermomechanical Characterization of NiTiNb Shape Memory Alloy for Concrete Active Confinement Applications

Kevin Dommer and Bassem Andrawes, A. M. ASCE

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000495

Posted ahead of print 3 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Although there has been growing interest in the use of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) in civil structures, there is still much to be understood about their behavior in real loading environment. This experimental work focuses on characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of thermally prestressed NiTiNb SMA under thermal and loading conditions pertinent to civil structural applications. The work aims at exploring the feasibility of using this type of alloy in developing seismic retrofitting spirals that could be used to actively confine vulnerable reinforced concrete columns to improve their flexural ductility and shear strength under earthquake loading. Differential Scanning Calorimetry tests are conducted to determine the transformation temperatures of the used alloy. A testing program is carried out on 2 mm‐diameter NiTiNb wires to examine the recovery stress of prestrained wires and the monotonic and cyclic behaviors of thermally prestressed wires under various testing durations and ambient temperatures. Thermal chamber is used to induce realistic range of ambient temperature (−10°C–55°C) during testing. The results show that the recovery stress is quite stable within the studied range of temperature. The prestressed NiTiNb alloy exhibits nonlinear behavior with modulus that is highly dependent on ambient temperature.

A Novel Approach to Strength Modeling of Concrete under Triaxial Compression

Amir Hossein Gandomi, Saeed Karim Babanajad, Amir Hossein Alavi, and Yaghoob Farnam

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000494

Posted ahead of print 1 February 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
In this study, a robust variant of genetic programming, namely gene expression programming (GEP) was utilized to build a prediction model for the strength of concrete under triaxial compression loading. The proposed model relates the concrete triaxial strength to mix design parameters. Comprehensive database used for building the model was established upon the results of 330 tests on concrete specimens under triaxial compression. To verify the predictability of the GEP model, it was employed to estimate the concrete strength of the specimens that were not included in the modeling process. Further, the model was externally validated using several statistical criteria recommended by researchers. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the contributions of the parameters affecting the concrete strength. The proposed model is effectively capable of evaluating the ultimate strength of concrete under triaxial compression loading. The derived model performs superior than other empirical models found in the literature. The GEP‐based design equation can readily be used for pre‐design purposes or may be used as a fast check on solutions developed by more in‐depth deterministic analyses.

Determination of c and ϕ from IDT and Unconfined Compression Testing and Numerical Analysis

J. Piratheepan, C. T. Gnanendran, and A. Arulrajah

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000493

Posted ahead of print 28 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper presents an alternative criterion (simplified method) to determine the cohesion (c) and internal angle of friction (ϕ) properties for two granular materials lightly stabilised with slag‐lime and general blend (GB) cement‐flyash using indirect diametral tensile (IDT) strength and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The c and ϕ values of the stabilised materials obtained based on this criterion were related to the IDT strength and UCS. The results suggest that the c and ϕ can be estimated using this criterion and the c can be accurately related to either the IDT strength or UCS for lightly cementitiously stabilised granular materials. However, the IDT strength is a better characteristic than the UCS to estimate the c. In order to validate the criterion, the c and ϕ obtained from the proposed criterion were input in the numerical analyses of IDT testing with Mohr — Coulomb failure criterion using FLAC2D finite difference software. The predicted tensile stress — horizontal diametrical deformation numerical results were compared with the corresponding experimental results. Based on this numerical analysis, it was found that the c and ϕ parameters estimated from this method predicted the experimental results well in the elastic region but over predicted the ultimate stress.

Uplift Capacity of Polyurea‐Coated Light‐Frame Rafter to Top Plate Connections

David J. Alldredge, John A. Gilbert, M. ASCE, Houssam Toutanji, F. ASCE, Thomas Lavin, and Madhan S. Balasubramanyam

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000492

Posted ahead of print 28 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper demonstrates the potential for using field applied structural coatings to reinforce traditional framing members and standard building ties, thereby providing an improved and continuous foundation to roof load pathway. Tension tests were performed on light‐frame rafter to top plate connections, some of which were reinforced with a hurricane tie, to establish how much of a difference a polyurea coating made as the joints between the stud and top plate, and top plate and rafter, were loaded to failure. The tests indicate that polyurea provides universal strengthening compared to hurricane ties with the added advantage that members and joints can be protected from a multitude of threats including corrosion due to moisture, damage due to flood; and, with self‐extinguishing properties, fire. The addition of the coatings allowed both unreinforced and reinforced configurations to withstand higher loads (200–400% more). In general, the polyurea delayed the onset of failure and significantly strengthened every configuration by increasing the amount of work/energy required to pull it apart; in some cases, by almost 800%.

Damage Constitutive Model of Fly Ash Concrete under Freeze‐Thaw Cycles

Ming‐hui Liu and Yuan‐feng Wang

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000491

Posted ahead of print 28 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The mechanical deterioration of concrete exposed to freeze‐thaw cycles is one of the most important durability problems under subzero temperature conditions. At present, studies on concrete behavior under freeze‐thaw cycles mainly focus on the degradation of concrete properties, there are few reports on testing and modeling the stress‐strain relationships of concrete undergoing repeated cycles of freeze‐thaw. This paper investigated the stress‐strain relationship of fly ash concrete under 0, 5, 15, 30, 50, 75, 100 and 125 freeze‐thaw cycles by testing 24 prism specimens. The relative dynamic modulus, compressive strength, elastic modulus and stress‐strain relationship of specimens under freeze‐thaw cycles were measured. In addition, a multiple sharp degradation point model for the degradation of mechanical properties of concrete was proposed. Finally, a damage constitutive model on the base of the damage mechanics and the multiple sharp degradation point model was presented. By comparing the results calculated by the damage constitutive model with the experimental data, the proposed model was proved to be effective for evaluating the stress‐strain relationship of fly ash concrete under freeze‐thaw cycles.

Influence of Polyvinyl Alcohol, Steel and Hybrid Fibers on Fresh and Rheological Properties of Self‐Consolidating Concrete

K. M. A. Hossain, M. Lachemi, M. Sammour, and M. Sonebi

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000490

Posted ahead of print 28 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Fiber reinforced self‐consolidating concrete (FRSCC) has a tremendous potential to be used in construction industry as it combines the advantages of both self‐consolidating concrete (SCC) and fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). 19 concrete mixtures are developed by incorporating different dosages (up to 0.5% volume or 22 kg/m3 of concrete) of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and metallic fibers and their combinations. The influences of fiber types/size/dosages and fiber combinations (used in hybrid mixes) on fresh (slump flow, L‐box passing ability, V‐funnel flow time and segregation index ‐ a measure of workability) and rheological (viscosity and yield stress at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 70 minutes) properties are critically analyzed based on experimental results. The workability/rheological properties of concrete mixtures are found to depend on types/dosages/geometry of fiber and in case of hybrid mixtures, interaction and synergic properties between different fiber types also play a critical role. The maximum dosage of PVA is limited to 0.125% compared to 0.3% of metallic ones in developed FRSCC mixtures due to PVA's higher workability reduction/viscosity increase capability. In addition, relationships among fresh/workability and rheological properties are also established.

Mechanical Property Characterization of Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Wood‐Polypropylene Composite Panels Manufactured Using a Double Belt Pressing Technology

Sandeep Tamrakar, Stephen M. Shaler, Ph.D., Roberto A. Lopez‐Anido, Ph.D., P.E., Douglas J. Gardner, Ph.D., Christopher H. West, Yousoo Han, Ph.D., and Russell Edgar

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000489

Posted ahead of print 28 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
A novel manufacturing process for wood‐polypropylene composite (WPC) panels reinforced with fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets was implemented using a double belt pressing technology. FRP sheets were placed on both sides of the WPC agglomerates during fabrication, which resulted in increased productivity and reduced thermal stresses compared to secondary bonding processes. Significant improvements in the mechanical properties of the FRP reinforced sheet panels were found during flexural and tensile tests on the coupon level. Even with addition of only one layer of FRP reinforcement on both sides of a WPC panel, the flexural modulus and strength increased by a factor of 2.6 and 3.8, respectively. Furthermore, the flexural and tensile properties of the WPC material considered in this study were found to be superior when compared to the properties of an extruded WPC material. The changes in the flexural modulus of the FRP reinforced WPC panels with respect to the number of FRP layers were predicted using a model based on moment‐curvature analysis.

Low Temperature Fracture Properties of Polyphosphoric Acid Modified Asphalt Mixtures

Eyoab T. Zegeye, Ki H. Moon, Mugur Turos, Timothy R. Clyne, and Mihai O. Marasteanu

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000488

Posted ahead of print 26 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The low temperature fracture properties of Polyphosphoric acid (PPA) modified mixtures are evaluated and compared to those of polymer modified mixtures. The main objective is to determine whether PPA can partially or completely substitute traditional polymer modifiers, without adversely affecting the mixture's resistance to thermal cracking. Laboratory compacted and field cored test samples from MnROAD were tested using traditional methods as well as newly developed fracture testing protocols: Indirect Tensile Test (IDT), Semi‐Circular Bending (SCB), and Disk‐Shaped Compact Tension (DCT). The effects of temperature, air‐void content and long‐term aging on the low temperature fracture properties were analyzed and field performance observations of the test cells from MnROAD were discussed. Based on the analysis, PPA modified mixture's fracture resistance is less than the SBS modified mixture. However, when PPA is used to substitute part of the SBS, a mixture with comparable fracture resistance to the SBS‐only modified mixture is produced.

Effect of Size of Inhomogeneity on the Surface Wave Attenuation in Cementitious Media

D. G. Aggelis and T. Shiotani

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000487

Posted ahead of print 26 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The present study deals with surface wave propagation in cementitious material with inhomogeneity. Thin, flakey inclusions were added in contents of up to 10% by volume and different sizes inside the matrix to realistically simulate cracking. The results are focused on the attenuation created by the inhomogeneity. As damage is added up in content, the level of attenuation strongly increases for the whole examined frequency band. However, the size and the population of the inclusions present equally a strong influence on the attenuation. The distortion of the frequency content is also evaluated by spectral density functions, showing that simple waveform analysis can enhance the characterization of damage in addition to the valuable assessment based on wave velocity.

A Simple Procedure on Determining Long‐Term Chemical Shrinkage for Cementitious Systems Using Improved Standard Chemical Shrinkage Test

Tengfei Fu, Tyler Deboodt, and Jason H. Ideker, Ph.D.

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000486

Posted ahead of print 26 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
In the past ten years, renewed research interest has shown the benefits of internal curing by incorporating pre‐wetted lightweight fine aggregate (LWFA) in high performance concrete (HPC). To determine the optimum LWFA content, information about the propensity for shrinkage in the cement paste, specifically the chemical shrinkage value, is needed. However, there is a lack of information on how to determine the long‐term chemical shrinkage value for HPC with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and/or shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA). The purpose of this research was to identify a simple procedure to determine long‐term chemical shrinkage values for given cementitious systems with SCMs and/or SRA. Several improvement to the ASTM C1608 (dilatometry procedure) were investigated. An experimental prediction model was adopted and verified to estimate long‐term chemical shrinkage values for portland cement systems containing SCMs and/or SRA. A recommended procedure is proposed to determine the long‐term chemical shrinkage values for HPC systems containing SCMs and/or SRA, and a modification to a commonly used LWFA proportioning equation is suggested.

Comparison of Rapid Tests for Evaluation of Chloride Resistance of Concretes with Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Ali Reza Bagheri and Hamed Zanganeh

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000485

Posted ahead of print 25 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
In this research the performance of three rapid methods for evaluation of chloride resistance of concrete including; Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT), Rapid Chloride Migration Test (RCMT) and Electrical resistance test are compared. As the ability of the RCPT method for evaluation of concrete mixes containing supplementary cementitious materials has been questioned by some researchers, the mixes studied included; the control mix, mixes containing 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 percent silica fume, 7.5 and 15 percent fine fly ash, 15 and 30 percent fly ash, 15 and 30 percent pumice, and 15, 30 and 50 percent slag. The results of all three methods show considerable decrease in chloride permeability of mixes containing silica fume at the ages of 28 and 90 days and mixes containing other supplementary cementitious materials at 90 days. However the RCPT test considerably overestimated the improvement compared to the other two methods, mainly due to the temperature rise effect in this test. Despite the simplicity and speed of the electrical resistance test, its results correlate well with those of the RCMT test.

X‐Ray Computed Tomography and Nondestructive Evaluation of Clogging in Porous Concrete Field Samples

Kalehiwot Nega Manahiloh, Balasingam Muhunthan, Masoud Kayhanian, and Seyoum Yami Gebremariam

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000484

Posted ahead of print 25 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This study aims to investigate and quantify the fraction of clogging in pervious concrete samples cored from parking lots. Image observation, analysis and processing of representative cores retrieved from parking lots enabled to qualitatively relate porosity with clogging. Porosity profiles obtained from processing of CT scanned images were used to assess the nature and extent of clogging. Significantly lower porosity values were computed for old cores compared to newer ones. Also observed was, samples manifested clogged behavior because of high cement paste (mortar) content. Porosities of samples were calculated, for comparison, using a gravimetric method and the clogged fraction in the cores was quantified by recalculating porosities of specimens scanned after vacuum‐cleaning. X‐ray CT scanning proved a useful tool to study clogging and the clogged fraction varied from 1.48% in sample PL 12‐1 to 11.15% in sample QP45‐3.

Laboratory Studies on Stabilization of an Expansive Soil by Lime Precipitation Technique

T. Thyagaraj, Ph.D., Sudhakar M. Rao, Ph.D., P. Sai Suresh, M. Tech., and U. Salini, M. Tech.

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000483

Posted ahead of print 25 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Lime stabilization prevails to be the most widely adopted in‐situ stabilization method for controlling the swell‐shrink potentials of the expansive soils in spite of construction difficulties and its ineffectiveness in certain conditions. Besides the in‐situ stabilization methods presently practiced, it is theoretically possible to facilitate in‐situ precipitation of lime in the soil by successive permeation of CaCl2 and NaOH solutions into the expansive soil. In the present laboratory investigation, an attempt is made to study the precipitation of lime in the soil by successive mixing of CaCl2 and NaOH solutions with the expansive soil in two different sequences. Experimental results indicated that in‐situ precipitation of lime in the soil by sequential mixing of CaCl2 and NaOH solutions with expansive soil developed strong lime modification and soil‐lime pozzolanic reactions. The lime modification reactions together with the poorly developed cementation products controlled the swelling potential, reduced the plasticity index and increased the unconfined compressive strength of the expansive clay cured for 24 hours. Comparatively, both lime‐modification reactions and well developed crystalline cementation products (formed by lime‐soil pozzolanic reactions) contributed to the marked increase in the unconfined compressive strength of the expansive soil that were cured for periods of 7–21 days. Results also show that the sequential mixing of expansive soil with CaCl2 solution followed by NaOH solution is more effective than mixing expansive soil with NaOH solution followed by CaCl2 solution.

Activation of Fly Ash‐Lime Reactions: A Kinetic Approach

Sudhakar M. Rao and K. Asha

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000482

Posted ahead of print 25 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Lime‐fly ash reactions play a key role in improving the mechanical strength and tailoring the permeability characteristics of compacted fly ash. Activation of fly ash‐lime pozzolanic reactions should accelerate the rate of strength development and possibly mobilize higher compressive strengths facilitating improved engineering performance of fly ash amended materials. This paper makes an assessment of activation of lime‐fly ash reactions by curing compacted fly ash‐lime specimens at ambient (25°C) and at elevated temperature (80°C). The kinetics of fly ash‐lime reactions are examined by monitoring the reacted lime as function of curing period and temperature. The influence of variations in fly ash/lime content and dry density on the compressive strength developed by specimens at both temperatures is evaluated. The thermodynamic parameters for the fly ash‐lime reactions have also been examined. Experimental results showed that curing at 80°C for 24 h accelerated fly ash‐lime reactions such that it caused the SC specimens to develop 1.21 to 2.44 folds larger strengths than RTC specimens cured at 25°C for 28 days. Analysis of thermodynamic parameters indicated that the fly ash‐lime reactions are thermodynamically favoured at fly ash contents of 50–70% and lime additions of 16–20% and the reactions are endothermic in nature.

Prediction of Nonlinear Stress‐Strain Relationship of Lightly Stabilized Granular Materials from Unconfined Compression Testing

D. K. Paul and C. T. Gnanendran

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000478

Posted ahead of print 2 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper examines the nonlinear stress‐strain behaviour of lightly stabilized granular base materials and presents a method to predict them based on modified and extended Ramberg‐Osgood expression from unconfined compression (UC) testing. A typical granular material was lightly stabilized with 0.5% – 3.0% cement‐flyash (CF) as well as with 1.5% – 3.0% slag‐lime (SL) and tested in UC with internal deformation measurement setup. This study indicates that the proposed mathematical model can accurately predict the nonlinear stress‐strain relationships of the lightly stabilized materials obtained from the experiments. The parameters involved with the proposed model were initial elastic modulus E0, 0.2% proof stress σ0.2, ultimate strain ϵu and the exponents for quantifying the nonlinearity of the curves n and m. Values of all the parameters were determined from the experimental stress‐strain responses and quite reliable regression relationships were developed between these parameters and unconfined compressive strength (UCS).

Prediction of the Effective Diffusion Coefficient of Chloride Ion in Cement‐Based Composite Materials

Guowen Sun, Wei Sun, Yunsheng Zhang, and Zhiyong Liu

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000477

Posted ahead of print 2 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
A multi‐scale model is established for effective diffusion coefficient of chloride ion in cement‐based composite materials. The model takes into account the relationship between the diffusivity and the microstructure of cement‐basted materials where the microstructure includes the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the aggregate particles and the bulk cement pastes as well as the microstructure of the bulk cement paste itself. In addition, the model also includes the parameters such as water to cement ratio, hydration degree of cement, the thickness of ITZ, the volume fraction and gradation of aggregate. A model for predicting the porosity distribution in ITZ is proposed based on the cement particles distribution and modified Powers model, and then effective chloride diffusivities of ITZ can be estimated. Thus, the effective diffusion coefficient is predicted by n‐layered inclusion theory in which mortar and concrete is considered as four‐phase materials consisting of matrix phase, aggregate, ITZ and their homogenization phase at a mesoscopic level. To validate the proposed model, the diffusion coefficient of chloride ion by the steady‐state migration test is measured on a series of mortar and concrete and compared with the calculated datum. The results show that the model prediction agrees quite well with the available test results.

Effect of Type of Compaction on Mechanical Properties in Warm Mix Asphalts

Elsa Sanchez‐Alonso, Angel Vega‐Zamanillo, and Daniel Castro‐Fresno

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000475

Posted ahead of print 2 January 2012

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper compares the effect of type of compaction (impact and gyratory compaction) on mechanical properties (such as water sensitivity and stiffness modulus) in warm mix asphalts. Moreover, the manufacture and laying temperatures and the use of additives for warm mix asphalts have been taken into account. The mixes tested have a semidense aggregate gradation with a B‐60/70 penetration binder and different types of warm‐mix additives have been added. The mixtures compacted by gyratory compactor at different temperatures all displayed good behavior in terms of water sensitivity; in contrast, not all mixtures compacted by impact achieved this. On reducing the manufacturing temperature, the stiffness moduli decreased in all mixtures for both types of compaction, this reduction being less pronounced in the mixes manufactured with the gyratory compactor. The results have been evaluated statistically.

Effect of Natural Wollastonite Micro‐Fibers on Early‐Age Behavior of UHPC

A. M. Soliman and M. L. Nehdi

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000473

Posted ahead of print 29 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
In this study, the effect of incorporating wollastonite micro‐fibers in ultra‐high performance concrete on its early‐age properties was investigated. Wollastonite micro‐fibers were added at 0, 4, 8 and 12% as partial volume replacement for cement. Results show that the early‐age properties of UHPC mixtures incorporating wollastonite micro‐fibers are highly affected by the micro‐fibers content and aspect ratio. Increasing the wollastonite micro‐fibers content resulted in a compressive strength comparable to or higher than that of the control mixture without micro‐fibers. Wollastonite micro‐fibers reduced shrinkage strains and increased cracking resistance compared to that of the control mixture. However, no significant improvement in the flexural behavior was achieved with the addition of wollastonite micro‐fibers apparently due to a sudden rupture of micro‐fibers within the matrix. Wollastonite micro‐fibers can act as an internal restraint for shrinkage, reinforcing the microstructure at the micro‐crack level, and leading to an enhancement of the early‐age engineering properties of UHPC matrix. Partially replacing cement with natural wollastonite micro‐fibers leads to a reduction in the cement factor, which represents economic and environmental benefits.

Effectiveness of Cement Kiln Dust in Stabilizing Recycled Base Materials

Ali Ebrahimi, Tuncer B. Edil, and Young‐Hwan Son

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000472

Posted ahead of print 29 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Effectiveness of cement kiln dust (CKD) in improving the stiffness of recycled base course materials was studied using both seismic modulus and bench‐scale resilient modulus tests. Recycled materials included road surface gravel (RSG) and recycled pavement material (RPM). The modulus of RPM and RSG specimens mixed with CKD increased 5–30 times compared to untreated materials; however, the improvement was not as high as cement stabilization. Modulus generally increased with curing time with more hydration; however decrease in the modulus of the RPM mixed with 15% CKD during curing is attributed to swelling potential of the CKD. Lower rate of increase in modulus of CKD mixtures compared to cement mixtures with curing time was due to the chemical composition of CKD, i.e., high free lime and sulfate contents. Freeze‐thaw durability tests resulted in modulus reduction on the order of 0.5 to 0.8 for CKD mixtures and 0.5 for cement mixtures. Due to the combined effects of stiffness gain with continuing hydration and stiffness reduction with freeze‐thaw cycles, the final modulus of the recycled materials mixed with CKD is 2 to 5 times higher than that of untreated RPM and RSG materials. This study also showed that modulus change of stabilized granular materials can be estimated from seismic Young's modulus.

Characterizing Permanent Deformation and Fracture of Asphalt Mixtures Using Compressive Dynamic Modulus Tests

Yuqing Zhang, Rong Luo, Ph.D., P.E., M. ASCE, and Robert L. Lytton, Ph.D., P.E., F. ASCE

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000471

Posted ahead of print 29 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Permanent deformation and fracture may develop simultaneously when an asphalt mixture is subjected to a compressive load. The objective of this research is to separate the viscoplasticity and viscofracture from the viscoelasticity so that the permanent deformation and fracture of the asphalt mixtures can be individually and accurately characterized without the influence of the viscoelasticity. The undamaged properties of 16 asphalt mixtures that have two binder types, two air void contents and two aging conditions are firstly obtained by conducting nondestructive creep tests and nondestructive dynamic modulus tests. Testing results are analyzed by using linear viscoelastic theory, in which creep compliance and relaxation modulus are modeled by the Prony model. The dynamic modulus and phase angle of the undamaged asphalt mixtures are found to remain constant with load cycles. Then, the undamaged asphalt mixtures are used to perform destructive dynamic modulus tests, in which the dynamic modulus and phase angle of the damaged asphalt mixtures are found to vary with load cycles, which indicates the plastic evolution and the crack propagation. The growth of cracks is signaled principally by the increase of the phase angle, which occurs only in the tertiary stage. The measured total strain is successfully decomposed into elastic strain, viscoelastic strain, plastic strain, viscoplastic strain and viscofracture strain by employing the pseudo strain concept and the extended elastic‐viscoelastic correspondence principle. The separated viscoplastic strain is modeled with the Tseng‐Lytton model to characterize the permanent deformation and the separated viscofracture strain is modeled by a fracture strain model to characterize the fracture of the asphalt mixtures, in which the flow number is determined and a crack speed index is proposed. Comparisons between the 16 samples show that the aged asphalt mixtures with lower air void content have a better performance resisting both permanent deformation and fracture.

Electrochemical‐Mechanistic Model for Concrete Cover Cracking Due to Corrosion Initiated by Chloride Diffusion

G. Nossoni and R. S. Harichandran, F. ASCE

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000470

Posted ahead of print 29 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
A holistic electrochemical‐mechanistic model of the corrosion of steel reinforcing bars inside concrete and the time to cracking of the concrete cover is presented. The model accounts for the diffusion of oxygen and moisture into the concrete and rust layers, the densification of rust due to confinement, the flow of rust into the concrete pores, the development of internal pressure due to rust build‐up, and cracking of the concrete cover. The relationship between the corrosion current and the pressure build‐up due to the corrosion products for different concrete cover thicknesses was calibrated through experiments using an accelerated corrosion test with an applied current. Results from finite element analysis with an inelastic smeared crack concrete model were used to calibrate a simple analytical model of the critical internal pressure required to cause cracking of the concrete cover. The various sub‐models are linked together to predict the time for cracking of the concrete cover from the time of corrosion initiation. Results of parametric studies using the model indicate that the main factors that control the corrosion current and the time to cracking are the boundary condition, water/cement ratio and concrete cover.

Early‐Age Cracking Tendency and Ultimate Degree of Hydration of Internally Cured Concrete

Benjamin E. Byard, S. M. ASCE, Anton K. Schindler, M. ASCE, and Robert W. Barnes, M. ASCE

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000469

Posted ahead of print 29 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Early‐age cracking in bridge decks is a severe problem that may reduce functional life of the structure. The effect of lightweight fine aggregate on the cracking tendency of bridge deck concrete was evaluated using cracking‐frame testing techniques. Water for internal curing is provided by incorporating pre‐wetted absorptive lightweight aggregate (LWA) into the mixture during batching. The absorbed water within the LWA is desorbed at early ages as hydration progresses. The release of the internal curing water increases cementing material hydration and reduces capillary stress caused by self‐desiccation. Cracking frames measure the development of stresses due to thermal and autogenous shrinkage effects from setting until the onset of cracking. Restrained concrete specimens were tested under temperature conditions that match those of an in‐place bridge deck and under isothermal curing conditions to determine the stress development due to autogenous shrinkage. Internal curing from LWA increased the time to initial cracking, reduced autogenous shrinkage stress development, and increased the degree of hydration in bridge deck concretes.

Flow Analysis, Transportation and Deposition of Frictional, Viscoplastic Slurries and Pastes in Civil and Mining Engineering

H. Alehossein, B. Shen, Z. Qin, and C. Huddlestone‐Holmes

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000443

Posted ahead of print 27 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Backfilling and injection of granular materials into mining induced voids, separated beddings and cracks, as either diluted slurry or concrete paste, is widely used to control coal mine subsidence. As a viable environmental solution, mine waste and rejected materials from underground coal seams are used in both backfilling and injection mine operations. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the fractured rock mass through a pipeline connected to a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter‐burden rock strata above the coal seam. Either as dilute slurry or thick paste or cake, the fill material normally needs to travel a significant distance in a long pipeline. A blockage can occur in the pipeline when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold value, indicating a material phase change from cohesive‐viscous to cohesive‐frictional. In a previous study of radial flow through disks, complete analytical solutions of the required pump pressure versus fluid volume rate were presented for such slurries, categorised as frictional Bingham‐Herschel‐Bulkley fluids. This paper is an extension to the theory of fluid mechanics to this type of flow in uniform circular pipes. General analytical solutions have been developed for complex fluids in terms of velocity and pressure gradients and velocity and pressure, as a function of pipe length, from which special and familiar equations for simpler fluids are derivable by mathematical reduction of the general equations. This study differs from the previous research in consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the depositing and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.

Development and Validation of Viscoelastic‐Damage Model for Three‐Phase Permanent Deformation of Dense Asphalt Mixture

Jiupeng Zhang, Jianzhong Pei, and Zengping Zhang

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000467

Posted ahead of print 23 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Permanent deformation of asphalt mixture under repeated load can be divided into three phases: decelerating phase, stationary phase and accelerating flow phase. Most of the existing models cannot fully describe deformation characteristics during the three phases. In this paper, the characteristics of three‐phase permanent deformation are considered as the results of a competition between damage and hardening, in which a damage variable and a hardening variable are introduced to modify Burgers model. First, the series‐wound dashpot of the Burgers model is modified by Uzan's hardening variable and the undamaged viscoelastic properties are derived from rheological theory. Secondly, Kachanov's equation for damage evolution is adopted to establish the constitutive model by using Lemaitre's effective stress principle. Then a repeated load consisting of a haversine loading period and rest period is employed to simulate the actual vehicle loading on the asphalt pavement. Thirdly, a viscoelastic‐damage mechanical model is proposed to characterize the permanent deformation of asphalt mixture under repeated load. And the proposed model is validated by conducting uniaxial permanent deformation tests on four kinds of asphalt mixtures. The model parameters are obtained by using the principle of least square. It is found that the proposed model is capable to describe the whole three‐phase's permanent deformation of the asphalt mixtures. The proportion of residual viscoelastic strain to permanent strain decreases very quickly as load cycle increases, and only account for 2%̃3% during most of the loading period. It is indicated that residual viscoelastic strain is significantly less than the permanent strain, thus the residual viscoelastic strain can be ignored and the proposed model could be simplified to a concise format.

Complex Stiffness Gradient Estimation of Field‐Aged Asphalt Concrete Layers using the Direct Tension Test

Yasser Koohi, James J. Lawrence, Rong Luo, and Robert L. Lytton

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000466

Posted ahead of print 23 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The characterization of viscoelastic properties of the aged field asphalt mixtures has been a challenge for pavement engineers. Instead of characterizing full mixtures from the field cores, only the binder was extracted from the mixture and was evaluated for its aging properties. Since the binder is only one component of the mixture, the properties of the aged binder may not clearly indicate the properties of the aged field mixtures. This study presents a novel method to calculate the complex stiffness gradient of field aged specimen using a direct tension test. Since the field asphalt mixtures are not aged uniformly with the pavement depth, there is a modulus gradient through the thickness of the asphalt layer. The asphalt mixture is stiffer at the surface. As a result, rectangular specimens cut from field cores when tested in a direct tension test in Electro‐Hydraulic servo machines with feedback frequency tend to oscillate. An analytical method has been developed to analyze the oscillating behavior of the specimen and to produce the stiffness gradient function as it varies with loading frequency and position relative to the pavement surface. Furthermore, a finite element simulation of the test is conducted to verify the validity and robustness of the proposed method. This method was successfully used to characterize aged visco elastic properties of field cores obtained from different roads in Texas.

Investigation of Usability of Lightweight Concrete Produced with Natural Eastern Blacksea Aggregates in Reinforced Concrete Beams

Zeki Karaca, Assist. Prof. Dr. and Ahmet Durmuş, Prof. Dr.

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000465

Posted ahead of print 23 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
There are several reasons affecting the behaviour of concrete used in structural elements such as columns or beams. One of the main reasons that affect the behaviour of concrete is the characteristic properties of the aggregates used in the mix proportion. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the behaviour of lightweight and ordinary concrete produced with lightweight and ordinary aggregates in selected reinforced concrete beams. In the first part of the study, brief information is given about the use of lightweight concrete in structures. In the second part of this study, properties of materials used in production of beams selected for this study. In the third part of the study, the production stage of selected lightweight and ordinary reinforced concrete beams is explained. Some conclusions drawn from this study are shown in the last part of the study. The results shown in the last part of this study show that the use of lightweight concrete in reinforced concrete beams is more suitable than use of ordinary concrete from different aspects.

Effect of SCC Mixture Composition on Thixotropy and Formwork Pressure

A.F. Omran, K.H. Khayat, and Y.M. Elaguab

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000463

Posted ahead of print 23 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
High lateral pressure exerted on formwork systems by self‐consolidating concrete (SCC) is one of the hindrances for using such highly flowable concrete in cast‐in‐place applications. SCC is a complex system that can be made using wide range of mixture proportioning and often incorporated various chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials. The investigation of the effect of each material ingredient independently on lateral pressure of SCC is not a simple task. In this study, thixotropy is rather used to assess the effect of various mixture parameters on formwork pressure. Thixotropy is determined by the evaluation of the structural build‐up at rest using a concrete rheometer and two field‐oriented test methods (inclined plane and portable vane). Sherbrooke pressure device is employed to evaluate maximum lateral pressure of SCC. The device receives 0.5 m of fresh concrete and pressurized with air to simulate 13 m of concrete casting at the required casting rate. A parametric study and full‐factorial design approaches were employed to evaluate the effect of concrete consistency level, coarse aggregate content, sand‐to‐total aggregate ratio, paste volume, and nominal maximum size of aggregate on SCC thixotropy and formwork pressure. The investigation resulted in proposing statistical models to determine the effect of each of the modeled mixture parameters and their interaction on thixotropy and lateral pressure. Contour diagrams were established to compare the trade‐off between the effects of the different mixture parameters on thixotropy and formwork pressure characteristics.

Carbonation Curing Versus Steam Curing for Precast Concrete Production

Vahid Rostami, Yixin Shao, and Andrew J. Boyd

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000462

Posted ahead of print 23 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
An investigation was conducted into the beneficial utilization of captured CO2 for earlyage curing of precast concrete products. The performance of the carbonation cured concrete was compared to that by steam curing in order to investigate the possibility of replacing steam curing with carbonation. The early‐age carbonation curing was performed for a short period, after an initial curing in a controlled environment. The effect of the carbonation curing was studied in terms of carbon uptake, accelerated strength and durability. It was found that the short‐term carbonation promoted early strength development, while subsequent hydration was essential to obtain later age properties. Durability performance of the carbonation cured concrete was compared to steamed and normally hydrated references. The carbonation cured concrete exhibited more resistance to chloride permeability, ion migration, sulfate attack and freeze‐thaw damage. The improved durability by carbonation is attributed to the significantly reduced calcium hydroxide content at the carbonated concrete surface. Despite a reduced pH at the carbonated zone, the alkalinity at the core was maintained above the threshold value needed to prevent carbonation corrosion.

Sensitivity of Oklahoma Binders on Dynamic Modulus of Asphalt Mixes and Distress Functions

Zahid Hossain, A.M. ASCE and Musharraf Zaman, P.E., F. ASCE

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000461

Posted ahead of print 23 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
For designing pavements many state agencies, including Oklahoma, use the 1993 AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, which is empirical in nature. However, the Mechanistic‐Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) is believed to predict pavement distresses in a more mechanistic approach, based on material properties, local traffic and climate conditions. Among material properties in the MEPDG, the dynamic modulus (E∗) of the asphalt mix is one of the key parameters to achieve the highest level of design reliability. The present study was conducted to estimate E∗ values of two commonly used hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixes (S3 and S4) in Oklahoma. Different design reliability levels, based on rheological properties of three performance grade (PG) binders, were considered. These asphalt binders were collected from three different sources in Oklahoma. Furthermore, sensitivities of major pavement distresses, namely, rutting, fatigue cracking, thermal cracking, and roughness to the design reliability, and asphalt binder type and source were evaluated by using the MEPDG software (Version 1.100). It was observed that rotational viscometer (RV) test data overestimate the E∗ values in the case of stiff binders. Conversely, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test data predicts significantly lower E∗ values of asphalt mixes with all PG binders. Among distress factors, the rutting in HMA layers' was found to be highly sensitive to the design reliability and asphalt binder's PG grade. The asphalt binder source was also found to be somewhat sensitive to rutting. Other distresses were not significantly influenced by the design reliability, asphalt binder PG grade, and source. The findings of this study are expected to provide transportation professionals with a better understanding of material input parameters that influence E∗ values of asphalt mixes and pavement distresses, and assist in implementing the MEPDG for local conditions.

Cyclic Behaviors of Railroad Ballast within the Parallel Gradation Scaling Framework

Adam Sevi and Louis Ge

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000460

Posted ahead of print 23 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Due to the large grainsizes typical of railroad ballast, large triaxial samples are required in order to assess the reactions of these materials. The parallel gradation modeling technique was originally developed by John Lowe in 1964, to allow assessment of large grainsize geomaterial properties in smaller, more typical testing facilities. Emphasis has focused on monotonic loading, where the material is progressively loaded to failure. Cyclic testing of this model has been absent. This paper presents an investigation of the possibility of using the parallel gradation modeling technique in a cyclic triaxial testing framework. Three separate gradations of ballast material were used in this research. The largest gradation contains a top particle size of 63.5 mm (2.5‐inches) and is marketed as #3 modified railroad ballast. The second two gradations contained a top size of 38 mm (1.5‐inches) and 19 mm (¾‐inches) respectively. Up to 10,000 load cycles were applied for each test. Resilient modulus, permanent axial and volumetric strain, and particle shape were determined from the test results. It is concluded that applying parallel gradation technique to cyclic behavior characterization should be cautious. If particle shape is not consistent throughout the particle sizes used in the parallel gradation model, the model is invalid in the cyclic triaxial framework.

Performance of Abrasive Waterjet in Granite‐Cutting: Influence of the TexturalProperties

G. Aydin, I. Karakurt, and K. Aydiner

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000459

Posted ahead of print 23 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
In this study, influence of the textural properties (e.g. grain size and its boundaries) of the granite on the cutting performance of abrasive waterjet (AWJ) was experimentally investigated. In the experiments, pre‐dimensioned granite samples were cut by an abrasive waterjet. Following the cutting process, the cut depth, surface roughness and kerf angle of the granites were evaluated. As a result, it was disclosed that the cut depths and surface roughness increased when the grain size of the granites decreased. In contrary to the behaviour of the cut depths and surface roughness of the granites, the kerf angle of the granites increased with an increase of the grain size. On the other hand; it was concluded that the high number of the grain boundaries led to obtain higher cut depths and surface roughness, while it caused to get lower kerf angle. Additionally, it was found that the grains horizontally lying through cutting line resulted in lower surface roughness and cut depths whereas the grains vertically allocated through cutting line, resulted in higher cut depths and surface roughness.

High Performance Concrete Designed to Enhance Durability of Bridge Decks: An Oklahoma Experience

Seamus Freyne, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Chris Ramseyer, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, and Jason Giebler, A.M.ASCE

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000457

Posted ahead of print 23 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Bridges are a vital link to the nation's mobility and prosperity, and those bridges with inadequacies will need to be repaired or replaced as soon as possible. High performance concrete (HPC) could be the most economical solution. What typically distinguishes HPC from conventional concrete (CC) is the wide variety of cements, supplementary cementitious materials, aggregates, chemical admixtures, and fibers in use. The purpose of this research project was to demonstrate the use of HPC in bridge decks in Oklahoma. HPC mixtures were designed with an optimum blend of three aggregates. With less voids between aggregate particles, the HPC mixtures contained less cement paste, about 24% by volume. Examined more than one year after construction, crack densities were less on HPC bridge decks than CC bridge decks. HPC mixtures with fly ash exhibited the best potential durability with crack densities less than 0.1 m/m2. The addition of fibers did not have an effect on crack density.

Formulating Low Energy Cement Products

David Rust, EIT, Robert Rathbone, Kamyar C. Mahboub, Ph.D., P.E., F. ASCE, and Tom Robl, Ph.D.

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000456

Posted ahead of print 23 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The study examined several formulations that may serve as a green substitute for the traditional portland cement. The main objective of the project was to produce a durable, low‐energy cementitious material from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum that was converted to hemihydrate. The study also included spent ash from circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC), and Class F fly ash. Hemihydrate would give the by‐product cement early strength development, while the spent bed / ultra fine ash blend would provide the by‐product cement with long‐term strength (gaining slowly at first) and decrease solublity. A spent bed / ultra fine ash ratio of 40/60 produced the best compressive strength results of the preliminary clinkerless cement blends produced in the study. The expansion of these clinkerless cements was caused by the formation of ettringite shown by X‐ray Diffraction (XRD). The system stopped expanding when calcium hydroxide was largely consumed. Substituting 50% of the clinkerless cement blends with hemihydrate increased short‐term compressive strength 200% and reduced longer‐term expansion up to 90% enabling the production of low‐energy 100% byproduct cement.

Estimating Moisture Sensitivity of Warm Mix Asphalt Modified with Zycosoil as an Antistrip Agent Using Surface Free Energy Method

M. Arabani, ‐H. Roshani, and ‐Gh.H. Hamedi

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000455

Posted ahead of print 20 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
With increasing interest in the use of warm mix asphalt (WMA) in paving industry, more studies in this field for improvement of WMA properties seem to be necessary. In last decade, several studies focusing on use of sasobit and asphamin as warm additives in asphalt mixtures have been conducted; however, the effects of these additives on moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture are still not fully understood. In this study, the moisture susceptibility of WMA evaluated with and without a new nanotechnology material as antistrip additive (namely Zycosoil) by determining the micro-mechanisms that affect the adhesion bond between the aggregate and asphalt binder and the cohesion strength of the asphalt binder using the surface free energy (SFE) concept and laboratory testing analysis. Indeed, the main goal of this research was to decrease the moisture damage in WMA. Two types of aggregates—limestone and granite—and two types of WMA additives, namely sasobit and asphamin, as well as zycosoil as antistrip additives were evaluated in this study. Moisture sensitivity index, the percentages of the aggregate surface exposed to water (P), as calculated by using the measured SFE and dynamic modulus results, was considered as an index for the moisture susceptibility of mixtures. The findings suggest that WMA additives cause an increase in the acid component and the reduction in SFE base components of asphalt binder. This causes decreased adhesion between acidic aggregate that is more sensitive to moisture damage and asphalt binder. Moreover, Zycosoil additives cause an increase in the adhesion SFE between asphalt binder, modified with WMA additives and aggregates in the presence of water. Dynamic modulus test of Zycosoil performance yielded similar results, suggesting that the using of this material causes the ratio of the dynamic modulus values for wet/dry condition to increase significantly in samples made with WMA additives. For these reasons, the percentage of aggregate surface area wetted by water, index P, decreased when Zycosoil used in all of samples.

Effect of Organic Matter Content and Curing Conditions on the Creep Behavior of an Artificially Stabilized Soil

Paulo J. Venda Oliveira, António A. S. Correia, and Mónica R. Garcia

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000454

Posted ahead of print 20 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper examines the effect of organic matter content and the curing conditions on the one‐dimensional compressibility of a Portuguese soft soil stabilized with binders, with a special emphasis on the creep behavior. Consolidation and creep oedometer tests, , were carried out on remolded and stabilized soil samples to study the effects of these factors. The increase of the organic matter content induces the increment of compressibility characteristics, including creep. Curing conditions also affect the one‐dimensional compression behavior of the stabilized soil, since the underwater curing, the increase of the vertical stress applied on the sample and the increase of the curing time, improve the compressibility characteristics, inducing the reduction of creep deformations.

Exploring the Interactions of Chloride Deicer Solutions with Nano/Micro‐Modified Asphalt Mixtures Using Artificial Neural Networks

Xianming Shi, Shu Wei Goh, Michelle Akin, Seth Stevens, and Zhanping You

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000452

Posted ahead of print 19 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The objectives of this research are to modify an asphalt mixture with two materials ‐ nanoclay and carbon microfiber; and to investigate the interactions of chloride deicer solutions with nano‐ and/or micro‐modified and unmodified asphalt mixtures in terms of indirect tensile strength (ITS) and fracture energy. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used in this study to establish predictive models and to quantify the complex cause‐and‐effect relationships between the nano‐ or micro‐ modification and conditioning of asphalt mixtures and the resulting mechanical properties. Four influential variables (nanoclay content, microfiber content, deicer type, and deicer dilution ratio) were collectively examined to predict the ITS and fracture energy of asphalt mixtures, and a backpropagation neural network of three layers with seven or nine hidden nodes was employed respectively. The established ANN models were then successfully used for numerical investigations on the parameters affecting the asphalt properties. The addition of polysiloxane‐modified montmorillonite and/or carbon microfiber (both at less than 2% by weight of asphalt binder) can enhance the tensile strength fracture energy of asphalt concrete mixtures and reduce their moisture susceptibility and cracking risk, and such benefits are especially significant when the asphalt concrete is conditioned in water or chloride‐based deicer solutions. This evaluation makes it possible to design asphalt mixtures for a desired level of ITS or fracture energy in the absence or presence of common chloride‐based deicer solutions.

Fatigue Characteristics of Bitumen‐Filler Mastics and Asphalt Mixtures

Min‐Chih Liao, Jian‐Shiuh Chen, and Ko‐Wan Tsou

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000450

Posted ahead of print 19 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF


See Also: Erratum

Show Abstract
Fatigue cracking is considered to be the primary failure mechanism that occurs at ambient temperatures in an asphalt pavement. The bituminous binder plays an important role in this failure mechanism, as fatigue cracking tends to take place predominately within the binder itself. Oscillatory tests using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and wheel tracking fatigue tests were carried out on a wide range of bitumen‐filler mastics as well as asphalt mixtures containing the corresponding mastics to investigate their fatigue relationships. The addition of the mineral filler to bitumen was found to have a significant influence on the fatigue life of mastic due to stiffening effect and the filler particles interrupting the crack growth in the mastic. The results of stiffening ratio showed that the 65% mastics were in the concentrated suspension region, while the 35% mastics were in the dilute suspension region. In terms of shear stress, the fatigue order was 40/60 pen bitumen followed by 35% mastic, with 65% mastic having the highest fatigue performance. In terms of shear strain, the fatigue order was the reverse of the fatigue relationships versus stress, but the 40/60 pen bitumen had the greatest slope compared to the bitumen‐filler mastics. There was no loading mode dependency with results undertaken on the dilute suspension mastics, while testing mode had an influence on fatigue life for the mastics with concentrated suspension. In addition, the fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures seemed to be more sensitive to the wheel load rather than the concentration and nature of bitumen‐filler mastics. The slope of the fatigue line for the mixtures was synonymous with that of the fatigue line for the mastics with concentrated suspension when subjected to wheel tracking testing rather than DSR oscillatory shear testing.

Modeling of Water Migration during Internal Curing with Superabsorbent Polymers

Mateusz Wyrzykowski, Pietro Lura, Francesco Pesavento, and Dariusz Gawin

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000448

Posted ahead of print 19 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The mobility of water in hardening cement paste is an important aspect in view of the effectiveness of internal curing. A mechanistic‐type numerical model of cementitious materials is applied for analysis of water migration kinetics from internal curing agents (superabsorbent polymers, SAP) into hydrating cement pastes of low water to cement ratio. It is shown that the release of curing water at early age, i.e., during approximately the first day of hydration, allows for uniform and practically instantaneous distribution of water within the whole volume of cured paste, even if the distances for water migration are as high as 2–3 mm. The evolution of permeability due to the hydration process is shown to have a major impact on the mobility of water in the cement paste. The depercolation of capillary porosity may substantially inhibit the water transport. The analysis shows that a part of the water first received by the paste in the proximity of the SAP can be later redistributed to a large volume of hardening paste, even after the permeability has become very low.

The Effects of Intermixed Soils and Decomposition on Hydraulic Conductivity of Municipal Solid Waste in Bioreactor Landfills

M. D. Sahadat Hossain, Ph. D., P. E., M. ASCE and Mohamed A. Haque, M. ASCE

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000451

Posted ahead of print 19 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
To estimate the generated leachate and design of leachate recirculation system, clear understanding of the hydraulic conductivity of the MSW with degradation and the effects of intermixed cover soils with MSW on the hydraulic conductivity is necessary. Two sets of laboratory‐scale bioreactor landfills were simulated and sampled at various phases of decomposition. The state of decomposition was quantified by methane yield, pH, and volatile organic content (VOC). Due to decomposition, the matrix structure of the degradable solid waste component was broken down. However, the daily cover soil, a non‐degradable constituent of MSW, remains constant. Therefore, the interaction between daily cover soil particles and MSW particles are expected to affect hydraulic characteristics of degraded MSW. The current study shows that the hydraulic conductivity of MSW with the presence of cover soil is lower than MSW without any intermixed cover soils. Based on the experimental results, hydraulic conductivity of MSW samples in Phase I are 5.8 × 10−3 cm/s and drop to 2.6 × 10−3 cm/s and 1.7 × 10−3 cm/s without 20% and 30% cover soils, respectively. Hydraulic conductivity decreases with increase in soil percentage. Therefore, the effects of cover soils on hydraulic conductivity of MSW should be evaluated and taken into consideration during the design and operation of landfill recirculation system.

Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Unbound Pavement Construction

A. R. Gabr and D. A. Cameron

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000447

Posted ahead of print 14 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The suitability of crushed concrete or Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) materials has been evaluated for use as pavement material for unbound basecourses. This paper covers the general engineering properties and response to cyclic loading as determined by Repeated Load Triaxial Testing (RLTT). In Australia, pavements commonly consist of granular basecourses and subbases supporting thin bituminous seals (asphalt or spray — chip seal). In this paper, a study is presented of the performances of three South Australian basecourse products, nominally 20 mm. The basecourse products included two RCA materials and a local virgin aggregate (quartzite). The resilient modulus and permanent deformation behaviour of RCA mixtures were investigated at different levels of moisture contents (90, 80 and 60 % of optimum moisture content), subjected to a simplified stress regime suited to Australian construction. In terms of both resilient modulus and accumulation of permanent deformation, the RCA material performed better than the quartzite aggregate.

Influence of Thermomechanical Pulp Fiber Compositions on Internal Curing of Cementitious Materials

Andrea Mezencevova, Victor Garas, Hiroki Nanko, and Kimberly E. Kurtis

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000446

Posted ahead of print 14 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This research examines the efficiency of thermomechanical pulp fibers, both untreated (TMP) and after chemical treatment to produce holocellulose and α‐cellulose, for internal curing. In addition, the effect of TMP fibers on early hydration behavior was investigated. The results show that TMP and α‐cellulose fibers had a negligible effect on cement hydration. Holocellulose, on the other hand, significantly reduced the rate of hydration, noticeably delaying setting time. The addition of the fibers in dosages to provide an additional amount of entrained water of 0.05g per g of cement resulted in a decrease of early autogenous shrinkage of cement paste. Holocellulose, reducing autogenous shrinkage of cement paste by 93%, was shown to be the most effective for internal curing; however, its adverse effect on cement hydration may require acceleratory admixtures when used in concrete. TMP and α‐cellulose showed a similar efficiency in mitigating autogenous shrinkage; these fibers reduced shrinkage of cement paste by about 51 and 45%, respectively.

Effect of Temperature on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Steel Bolts

Venkatesh Kodur, F. ASCE, Sonali Kand, and Wasim Khaliq, A. M. ASCE

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000445

Posted ahead of print 10 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
When steel framed structures are exposed to fire, connections play a crucial role in transferring forces from highly stressed members to less stressed members. The performance of bolted connections at ambient as well as under fire conditions, depends on the strength characteristics of bolts. At present, the fire resistance of bolts is evaluated by assuming the high temperature properties to be same as that of conventional mild steel. This is due to lack of data on high temperature properties specific to high strength steel bolts. To overcome this drawback, high temperature thermal and mechanical properties of high strength steel bolts of Grades A325 and A490 are evaluated. Thermal conductivity and specific heat of A325 and A490 was measured in 20–735°C temperature range, while thermal expansion was measured in 20–1000°C range in both heating and cooling phases of fire. As part of strength properties, steady state single shear and tension tests were carried out on A325 and A490 bolts in 20–800°C. Results from these tests were used to generate thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal expansion, shear, and tensile strength relations as a function of temperature for A325 and A490 bolts. Test data indicate that strength properties of A325 and A490 steel degrade at a faster rate than that of conventional steel and also that A490 steel exhibit slightly higher strength and stiffness properties than that of A325 steel in 20–800°C.

Optimization of Cementitious Material Content for Sustainable Concrete Mixtures

Rui Liu, Stephan A. Durham, P.E. A. M. ASCE, Kevin L. Rens, P.E. M. ASCE, and Anu Ramaswami

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000444

Posted ahead of print 10 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Utilization of fly ash in concrete reduces the use of virgin materials and offers benefits of reduced landfill materials and CO2 emissions avoidance — fly ash therefore contributes to industrial sustainability. This paper presents a method to optimize the cement and fly ash contents in concrete based on the hardened concrete properties testing and environmental impacts. Such fly ash concrete would develop an adequate 1‐day and 28‐day compressive strength and would be as durable as the ordinary portland cement concrete. Nine concrete mixtures with fly ash contents ranging from 15%–60% and cementitious material contents from 338–391 kg/m3 (570 – 705 lbs/cy) were investigated. Environmental life cycle assessments (LCA) were completed using a model developed for Denver, Colorado. The optimized fly ash concrete was selected to yield a similar 28‐day compressive strength (ASTM C 39) and durability to that of Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) Class D structural concrete. The durability aspects investigated included the resistance to rapid chloride ion penetration (ASTM C 1202) and the resistance to the rapid cycles of freezing and thawing (ASTM C 666). The results show that the mixtures with cementitious material content lower than 365 kg/m3 (615 lbs/cy) and fly ash content higher than 40% meet the CDOT Class D structural concrete strength and durability requirements. Based on the structural performances of the concrete mixtures and environmental impacts, the optimized cementitious material content and the maximum possible cement replacement percentage with the fly ash was selected to be 338 kg/m3 (570 lbs/cy) and 50% respectively. The optimized concrete mixture exhibited excellent characteristics in compressive strength (32.0 MPa, 4635 psi at 28 days ), resistance to chloride‐ion penetration (moderate at 28 days of age) and freeze‐thaw (96, average durability factor after 300 cycles). The mixture with optimum fly ash and cementitious content had the minimum embodied energy and GHG emission among the nine mixtures. The embodied energy and GHG emission of the optimized concrete mixture (per cubic meter) were 2643 MJ and 361 kgCO2E respectively, which are 32.8% and 35.2% less than the mixture with the most embodied energy and GHG emission.

Investigation of the Potential Use of Heavy Oil Fly Ash as Stabilized Fill Material for Construction

Abdullah Mofarrah, Tahir Husain, and Ekram Yousif Danish

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000442

Posted ahead of print 9 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The present study investigates the use of heavy oil fly ash (HOFA) generated in the power plants as a stabilizer or fill material for various construction activities. In order to recycle the HOFA as fill material, it was mixed with Portland cement at different ratios. Laboratory batch and column experiments were performed on the HOFA and fill materials to investigate the leaching behavior and possible environmental impacts of the potentially hazardous elements such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and vanadium (V) within the HOFA. The results showed that leaching of toxic elements from the HOFA can pose toxicity to the environment; while stabilized material prepared by HOFA mixed with 40% cement proved environmentally safe for construction uses.

The Interior Relative Humidity of Normal and High Strength Concrete at Early Age

Jun Zhang, Yu Huang, Kun Qi, and Yuan Gao

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000441

Posted ahead of print 4 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The moisture content in the concrete pores is a critical parameter for most of the degradation processes suffered by concrete, for example concrete shrinkage and related cracking. In the present paper, the development of internal relative humidity of concrete slab at early age was investigated by applying the temperature and humidity combined digital sensor. The experimental results show that the internal relative humidity of concrete is reduced with concrete age. The general law of the development of relative humidity inside of concrete can be described by a vapor saturated stage with 100% relative humidity (stage I) followed by a stage that the relative humidity gradually reduced (stage II). The length of stage I and the magnitude of relative humidity in stage II are greatly influenced by the strength of concrete and the location in concrete. A humidity gradient along the thickness of concrete specimen is existed at early age. The humidity gradient in high strength concrete (C80) is more obvious than that in normal strength concrete (C40). In addition, for a given age, the reduction in relative humidity in C80 is much higher than that in C40.

Modeling the Diffusion of Chloride Ion in Concrete Using Cellular Automaton

Jian Cao, Yuanfeng Wang, Keping Li, and Yishuo Ma

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000440

Posted ahead of print 4 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The diffusion of chloride ion is one of the main factors which arouse steel corrosion in concrete. In this paper, a two‐dimension cellular automaton (CA) model was developed to simulate the diffusion process of chloride ion in concrete. The evolution rules of the proposed CA model were validated by comparing with the Fick's second laws (FSL), and the distinctions between the CA model and the FSL were discussed in the aspects of calculation methods and substantive characteristics of the chloride ion penetration in concrete. Further, we proposed an improved CA model, called JPCA model, which considers the jump probabilities of chloride ion varying with diffusion times and depths. The numerical simulations demonstrate that the computation results based on the JPCA model are closer to the experimental data than those derived from the FSL. The JPCA model proposed in this paper provides a new way for study on concrete suffered from chloride ion penetration.

Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Performance of Cement‐Stabilized Rammed Earth‐Rice Husk Ash Walls

Ana Paula da Silva Milani and Lucila Chebel Labaki

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000439

Posted ahead of print 3 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
It is a well known fact that waste products are available in large quantities within industries where they are generated. Therefore, this study investigates the incorporation of the agricultural and industrial residue of rice husk ash into the cement‐stabilized rammed earth system, in order to recover the use of raw land as a sustainable construction material and to provide low pozzolanicity content rice husk ash with a suitable end purpose. The best suited mixture to meet the normal masonry requirements was selected for the construction of a prototype building, which underwent technical assessment of its structural and thermal performance and of the durability of its cement‐stabilized rammed earth‐rice husk ash walls. The results showed that sandy soil, when partially replaced by the maximum ash content of 7.5% and stabilized with 10% cement, proved to be a promising alternative material. It proved to be a high quality construction material which can be used to build energy efficient houses and considered in the issue of social and environmental sustainability.

Experimental Research on Mechanical Properties of Timber in Ancient Tibetan Building

Na Yang, Peng Li, S. S. Law, and Qingshan Yang

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000438

Posted ahead of print 3 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The mechanical property of timber is a prerequisite for the evaluation of ancient timber structures. The main mechanical properties of three kinds of timber including the old Tibetan Populus cathayana, new Tibetan Populus cathayana and new Tibetan Pine were obtained by tests in this paper. The principles and assumptions made in the determination of these strengths and the time‐dependent laws on the design strength of timber in ancient Tibetan structures were discussed. It is found that the physical and mechanical properties of Tibetan Populus cathayana have degraded greatly after hundreds of years. The strength degradation of a structural component can be attributed to the decay and cracking of timber when the stress ratio is low while it can be attributed to the creep of timber caused by the load duration effect when the stress ratio is high. The new Tibetan Pine is also checked to be a good material for the restoration of ancient Tibetan building due to its higher strength compared to the old Populus timber.

Soil Stabilization with Calcined Paper Sludge: Laboratory and Field Tests

Amaia Lisbona, Iñigo Vegas, Javier Ainchil, and Carolina Ríos

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000437

Posted ahead of print 2 December 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Two investigative stages are presented in this study, which aim to establish basic standards for the use of Calcined Paper Sludge (CPS) in the stabilization of soils. The soils were stabilized with CPS and with mixtures of CPS and cement (C). The total percentage of binder was between 3 and 6 wt % The blending ratios (by weight) of the CPS:C mixtures were 50:50 and 25:75. The first stage took place in the laboratory and the second stage, in the field, involved in situ stabilization of 250 meters of subgrade using dry‐mix methods. The bearing capacity of the stabilized soils was determined in the laboratory. In the second stage, the densities of the subgrade were measured in the field following compaction and deflections at 7 days. Furthermore, the evolution of its unconfined compressive strength was measured over 90 days. The results reveal optimal mechanical behavior of the stabilized soil at CPS:C ratios of around 25:75.

Influence of Crumb Rubber on the Indirect Tensile Strength and Stiffness Modulus of Hot Bituminous Mixes

Fernando Moreno Navarro and Ma Carmen Rubio Gámez

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000436

Posted ahead of print 29 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
In recent years, the use of rubber from scrap tyres to modify the mechanical properties of bituminous mixes has become increasingly important in road engineering. There is currently much research devoted to the influence of this waste material on mix performance. This paper presents a study of the incorporation of crumb rubber (by the dry process and the wet process) and its effect on the bearing capacity and cohesion of bituminous mixes. The results obtained show that crumb rubber increased the stiffness and stability of mixes although it slightly reduced their indirect tensile strength. Apart from the evident environmental benefits, adding this waste to asphalt mixes improves the long‐term performance of road surfaces since it reduces the effect of traffic loads on the pavement.

Fabrication of Piezoresistive CNT/CNF Cementitious Composites with Superplasticizer as Dispersant

Baoguo Han, Kun Zhang, Xun Yu, Eil Kwon, and Jinping Ou

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000435

Posted ahead of print 25 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNT) / carbon nanofibers (CNF) in cement‐matrix is one of the key problems for fabricating piezoresistive CNT/CNF cementitious composites. The use of existing dispersants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (NaDDBS), and methylcellulose to disperse CNT/CNF has negative effect on the hydration of cement and will cause decreases in mechanical properties of cementitious composites. In this study, superplasticizer, a commonly used component in cementitious composites, is found to be able to effectively disperse CNT and CNF in cement‐matrix. This would eliminate the need of additional dispersants for fabricating piezoresistive CNT/CNF cementitious composites, and avoid the impairment of composite properties by the additional dispersants. The dispersion of CNT/CNF in cement‐matrix is evaluated by observing the dispersion of CNT/CNF in the superplasticizer aqueous solution, examining the morphology of composites, and analyzing the discreteness of resistance of composites. The piezoresistive responses of the composites with different types and concentrations of CNT and CNF are also investigated. Experimental results show that the fabricated CNT/CNF cementitious composites have strong piezoresistive responses, and the piezoresistive response sensitivity heavily depends on the types and concentrations of CNT and CNF. These findings indicate that the piezoresistive CNT/CNF cementitious composites can be developed by only using a typical component of cementitious materials (i.e. superplasticizer) as dispersant and without adding any additional dispersants for CNT/CNF.

Field Evaluation of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies

Shad Sargand, Munir D. Nazzal, Abdalla Al‐Rawashdeh, and David Powers

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000434

Posted ahead of print 25 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) has received considerable attention in the past few years to reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions during hot mix asphalt (HMA) production and placement. However, many concerns and questions are still unanswered regarding the field performance and environmental benefits of WMA. In this study, WMA mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) were evaluated in a field project in Ohio. The project included using Aspha‐min, Sasobit, and Evotherm in three test sections. Furthermore, a control section was also produced so that a side by side comparison could be made between WMA and HMA mixtures. Temperature and emissions were monitored during the production and placement of the considered WMA and HMA mixtures. In addition, core samples were also obtained from the evaluated sections and tested in the laboratory. Roughness and rutting measurements were also conducted during the first 46 months of service. The results of this study showed that the emissions were significantly reduced during the production and placement of WMA mixtures as compared to the control HMA mixture. In addition, although WMA mixtures were compacted at much lower temperatures, they achieved higher in‐place density than the control HMA mixture. The results of the laboratory tests conducted on core samples showed that the WMA mixtures had higher indirect tensile strength than the HMA mixture after three months of service. However, the HMA ITS value increased more rapidly with time than that of the WMA. The moisture susceptibility test results demonstrated that the Sasobit and Evotherm mixtures exhibited acceptable resistance to moisture‐induced damage. Finally, the collected performance data indicated that the WMA and HMA sections had similar IRI values after 46 months of service. In addition, no measurable rutting was observed in any of the test sections.

Investigation of Moisture Dissipation in Foam‐Based Warm Mix Asphalt Using Synchrotron‐Based X‐Ray Microtomography

M. Emin Kutay, Ph.D., P.E. and Hande I. Ozturk

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000433

Posted ahead of print 25 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Foam‐based Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technologies decrease the viscosity of the asphalt so that it is workable during construction. However, after construction, viscosity increases rapidly as the foam disappears and temperature drops. During the process of dissipation of foam, depending on the environmental conditions, the moisture may not escape and may be trapped inside the mixture. This trapped moisture can cause detrimental failures by breaking the adhesive bonds between the aggregates and the asphalt binder (because of diffusion and freeze/thaw cycles). It is crucial to know how the moisture escapes from the asphalt mixture as the specimen cools down and foam disappears. In this research, dissipation of the moisture from foamed asphalt binders was directly measured and quantified using a high‐resolution synchrotron based X‐Ray Microtomography (XRM) system. Different foamed asphalt binders were instantly frozen using liquid nitrogen at different times after the initial foaming. The 3D internal structure images of these specimens were acquired using XRM available at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). These images were analyzed and the moisture dissipation processes in different types of asphalt binders were directly quantified. It was observed that the rate of moisture dissipation in high PG grade (stiff) binders was slower than that of low PG grade (soft) binders. It was also observed that the size distribution of moisture bubbles in the binders varied in different binders.

Effects of Fly Ash and Foundry Sand on Performance of Architectural Precast Concrete

Tarun. R. Naik, Ph.D., P.E., F. ASCE, Rudolph N. Kraus, Bruce W. Ramme, Ph.D., P.E., M. ASCE, and Fethullah Canpolat, Ph.D.

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000432

Posted ahead of print 25 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This research was conducted to establish the effects of fly ash and used foundry sand on strength and durability of concrete. Two series (Series 1 and Series 2) of experiments were performed. All concrete mixtures were produced for and at the production plant of an architectural precast concrete products producer. Concrete mixtures produced were used in manufacture of precast concrete panels. Tests were performed with normal and air entrained fly ash concrete. Concrete test specimens were evaluated for compressive strength, abrasion resistance, salt scaling resistance, freezing and thawing resistance, and chloride‐ion penetration resistance. Based on strength and durability evaluations, it was concluded that both non‐air and air‐entrained concrete mixtures developed in this investigation are appropriate for manufacture of high‐quality, high‐durability architectural precast concrete using used foundry sand and fly ash.

Lime Stabilization of Soils — A Reappraisal

Sujit Kumar Dash and Monowar Hussain

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000431

Posted ahead of print 25 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Lime generally improves the performance of soils. However, in some cases it has been reported to have an adverse effect. To develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms, a systematic study covering wide range of plasticity and mineralogy of soils, has been carried out. Six different soil samples were reconstituted using two extreme types of soils i.e. a montmorillonite rich expansive soil and a silica rich non expansive soil. The influence of lime stabilization on these soils was evaluated through determination of geotechnical properties such as; liquid limit, plastic limit, swell, compressive strength, mineralogy and microstructure. It is found that there is an optimum lime content beyond which the strength improvement reduces. This phenomenon is more prominently observed incase of silica rich soils that forms silica gel. As the silica gel is highly porous, when formed in large scale, the strength gain due to cementation is substantially countered by the strength loss due to gel pores, giving rise to visible reduction in the overall strength. Besides, the gel materials hold a large amount of water onto themselves leading to increased plasticity and swelling. Therefore, in case of silica rich soils excessive lime treatment should be avoided.

Mineral Waste Geopolymeric Artificial Aggregates (WGA) as Alternative Materials for Wastewater Treatment Processes ‐ Study of Structural Stability and pH Variation in Water

Isabel Silva, João Castro‐Gomes, and António Albuquerque

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000429

Posted ahead of print 17 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Artificial aggregates produced from mine waste geopolymeric binders were studied as a potential substrate for fixed‐film wastewater treatment processes (biofilm reactors). Waste geopolymeric artificial aggregates (WGA) of 2 to 3 cm size were produced using geopolymeric mine waste mud as a precursor and both sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as alkaline activators. Seven mixtures were produced with different atomic ratios of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide (S/H) and of precursor (waste mud) to sodium silicate (P/S), using curing temperatures of 20°C and 130°C, for a total of 112 samples. Its structural stability and pH variation after immersion in water were observed over an 18‐week period. The results showed that the initial water pH decreased with the increase of the curing time, taking between 17 and 42 days to reach a value of pH 8. The mixture cured at 20°C during 28 days seems to be suitable for use as a substrate for biofilm reactors since the initial water pH was one of the lowest (around pH 10) and the time necessary to stabilize it around pH 8 was only 17 days.

Prediction of Bending Strength in Oak Beams on the Basis of Elasticity, Density and Wood Defects

Guillermo Riesco Muñoz and Andrés Remacha Gete

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000428

Posted ahead of print 16 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The purpose of the study was to propose accurate models for predicting bending strength that are valid for a wide range of beam qualities. For the study, 26 European oaks (Quercus robur L.) were felled in northwestern Spain, where most of the oak stands in the country are located. The trees were sawn, and a sample of quarter‐sawn planks was selected. Planed and edged specimens (5⋅10⋅200 cm) were tested to obtain the modulus of rupture (MOR) in axial direction bending, the modulus of elasticity (MOE), density, moisture content and size of defects. The MOR was correlated with the MOE and with maximum edge knot diameter. The correlation was not high enough to justify construction of a predictive model of mechanical behavior on the basis of maximum knot size in the piece. The analyses enabled development of a model for predicting MOR, with MOE as the only predictor variable (R2=0.65; bias=0.6%).

Stochastic Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Cracking Due to Non‐Uniform Corrosion: An FEM—Based Cross‐Scale Analysis

Tongyan Pan, Ph.D., P.E. and Yang Lu, Ph.D.

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000427

Posted ahead of print 12 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Chloride‐induced rebar corrosion is one primary cause of early cracking of reinforced concrete (R/C). A model to accurately predict the time prior to steel corrosion and concrete cracking, with due consideration of the heterogeneous nature of concrete matrix, is highly desired by maintenance engineers. This paper presents the results of a research study directed at developing a stochastic numerical method to model the microstructure of concrete matrix and to predict the service life of R/C in three key steps: chemical ingress, steel corrosion, and concrete cracking. The finite element method (FEM) is employed to model the ingress of multiple chemical species into variably saturated concrete matrix. Using Faraday's law, rebar corrosion is modeled in a mixed localized—uniform pattern and quantified as a transient displacement boundary condition for subsequent analysis of concrete cracking. The proposed FEM model is validated using laboratory experiments and applied to predicting the corrosion‐induced cracking of an R/C bridge deck.

Studies on the Effect of Retention Time of Rice Husk Combustion on the Ash's Chemo‐Physical Properties and Performance in Cement Mixtures

A. Gholizadeh Vayghan, A. R. Khaloo, S. Nasiri, and F. Rajabipour

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000426

Posted ahead of print 12 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
In this study, the effect of retention time of rice husk ash (RHA) combustion on its characteristics is investigated. The retention time was changed from 15 minutes up to 32 hours. The chemo‐physical and microstructural properties characterization methods include monitoring of electrical conductivity and pH variations of saturated lime‐RHA solution, X‐ray fluorescence and diffraction. In order to assess the pozzolanic performance of RHA, a control mortar was produced as reference with a water to cement ratio of 0.45 and a flow of 84%, and three cement replacement percentages by RHA of 5%, 10% and 15% were applied for each retention time. The results show that with increase of retention time, the EC and pH changes are steadily decreased, suggesting lower RHA reactivity at longer retention times. However, no crystalline phases were found in RHA up to 32 hours combustion that is mainly due to rapid cooling of the yield ash. On the other hand, the compressive strength of RHA blended mortars is increased up to 4 hours combustion and then decreased. A possible explanation for lower strength activity of short retention time RHA is offered.

Performance Prediction for Innovative Crushable Material Used in Aircraft Arrestor Beds

Marco Bassani, Emanuele Sacchi, and Fulvio Canonico

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000425

Posted ahead of print 12 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Surveys on innovative materials for aircraft arrestor beds are of great interest in airport safety research. In the event of a runway overrun, the arrestor bed has to provide for the complete stop of the aircraft. In doing so the bed essentially collapses under the effect of the vertical load of the nose and main gears. Along the contact areas between the wheels and bed, the horizontal drag forces generated depend on the dissipative properties of the material used in the bed. The use of innovative materials in arrestor beds could lead to a significant improvement in the performance of same. In the paper the authors propose a cellular mortar with expanded polystyrene spheres and the use of static and dynamic tests to determine its characterization. The aim is to optimize its composition in terms of mechanical properties, to evaluate its durability under the effects of environmental actions, and to estimate the stopping distances for selected aircrafts. The Code “Arrestor” provided by the FAA was used as a reference for distance calculations.

Mechanical and Bond Properties of 18 mm (0.7”) Diameter Prestressing Strands

G. Morcous, A. Hatami, M. Maguire, K. Hanna, and M. K. Tadros

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000424

Posted ahead of print 12 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
For several years, 18 mm (0.7”) diameter strands have been successfully used in cable bridges and for mining applications. Using these large diameter strands in pretensioned concrete girders could allow approximately 35% increase in the prestressing force compared to the same number of 15 mm (0.6”) diameter strands and 92% increase compared to 13 mm (0.5”) diameter strands. This will, consequently, allow for longer spans, shallower structural depth, and/or wider girder spacing in bridge construction. For the same prestressing force, using 18 mm (0.7”) diameter strands results in fewer strands to jack and release, fewer chucks, and greater flexural capacity due to lowering the center of gravity of the strands. Despite the advantages of using large diameter strands in pretensioned concrete girders, the lack of data on their mechanical and bond properties hinder their wide use in bridge construction. In this paper, the mechanical and bond properties of 18 mm (0.7”) diameter strands are evaluated. One hundred and two strand specimens were obtained from different strand producers and production cycles to evaluate the ultimate strength, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, and elongation at two different laboratories. Test results indicated that all strands adequately met the requirements of the ASTM A416‐07 with the exception of the minimum yield strength requirements (90% of the specified ultimate strength). The power formula for stress‐strain relationship was used to provide an accurate predictor of the behavior of strands. Also, fifty eight strand specimens were tested for their bond in mortar and concrete using NASP test method. Test results demonstrated that the bond of 18 mm (0.7”) diameter strands is proportional to the concrete strength. A formula for predicting the NASP pullout test value as a function of concrete strength was also developed. In addition, NASP test results for clean and rusted strands were measured and compared at different slip values.

Characterizing Lightweight Aggregate Desorption at High Relative Humidities Using a Pressure Plate Apparatus

Mohammad Pour‐Ghaz, Javier Castro, Eileen J. Kladivko, and Jason Weiss

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000422

Posted ahead of print 11 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper describes the results of an experimental study that was performed to obtain desorption isotherms for a wide range of fine lightweight aggregates that are used commercially in North America. The desorption isotherms were determined for the entire gradation of the fine lightweight aggregates (as received). To obtain the desorption isotherms a pressure plate apparatus (porous plate) was used. The pressure plate enables the desorption isotherm to be measured at high relative humidities (beginning at 100%). In addition to providing experimental results obtained with the pressure plate method, desorption results obtained by gravimetric desorption and dynamic vapor desorption methods are also provided. The gravimetric desorption and dynamic vapor desorption methods are generally used at lower relative humidities (98% and 0% relative humidity). The results indicate that water leaves the fine lightweight aggregates at relative humidities as high as 99.9%. This suggests that internal curing water is available to the cement matrix even at relatively high water‐to‐cement ratio mixtures when the suction forces exerted by cement paste are small. The results of this work are helpful for the development of mixture proportioning techniques and numerical simulation for internally cured concrete mixtures.

Concrete Containing Natural Pozzolans: New Challenges for Internal Curing

Gaston Espinoza‐Hijazin, Álvaro Paul, and Mauricio Lopez

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000421

Posted ahead of print 10 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Natural pozzolans (NP) have proven to be an effective supplementary cementitious material; however, the replacement of ordinary portland cement (OPC) with NP might increase autogenous and drying shrinkage of concrete. Internal curing (IC) might be of great help when using NP because it can promote the pozzolanic reactions and reduce shrinkage. The aim of this research is to assess the effect of IC in concrete containing NP. Results indicate that 39% replacement of OPC with NP decreased compressive strength by 15%, decreased chloride ion permeability by 66%, and increase autogenous shrinkage by 40%. IC with pre‐wetted lightweight aggregate showed no significant effect in compressive strength or permeability, but it decreased autogenous shrinkage up to 58%. NP used in this investigation presented higher chemical shrinkage than OPC making IC less effective as levels of NP increased. The important decrease in permeability attained through the use of NP, and the higher chemical shrinkage of NP, makes IC a critical technology to consider in concrete mixtures with NP.

Geotechnical Properties of Waste Excavation Rock in Pavement Sub‐Base Applications

A. Arulrajah, M. M. Y. Ali, J. Piratheepan, and M. W. Bo

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000419

Posted ahead of print 5 November 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
This paper presents the findings of an extensive laboratory investigation on the geotechnical properties of waste excavation rock in pavement sub‐bases. The waste excavation rock used in this study originated from “basalt floaters” or surface excavation basalt rock (basalt). Traditionally this material would have been disposed as waste, often into landfill. The engineering properties of the crushed basaltic waste rock were compared with the local road authority specifications to assess its performance as a pavement sub‐base material. The experimental programme was extensive and included tests such as particle size distribution, modified Proctor compaction, particle density, water absorption, California Bearing Ratio, Los Angeles abrasion loss, pH, organic content, static triaxial and repeated load triaxial tests. The Los Angeles abrasion loss value obtained indicated that the crushed basaltic waste rock is durable. California Bearing Ratio values were found to satisfy the local state road authority requirements for a lower sub‐base material. Repeated load triaxial testing established that the crushed basaltic waste rock would perform satisfactorily as a pavement sub‐base material in the field. The results of the laboratory testing undertaken in this research indicated that crushed basaltic waste excavation rock satisfied the criteria for use in pavement sub‐base applications.

Increasing the Service Life of Bridge Decks by Incorporating Phase Change Materials (PCMs) to Reduce Freeze/Thaw Cycles

Aaron R. Sakulich and Dale P. Bentz

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000381

Posted ahead of print 19 August 2011

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
During a freezing event, pore solution in cementitious bodies expands and creates stresses that can cause damage; therefore, reducing the number of freeze/thaw cycles experienced by a structure will extend the structure's service life. The incorporation of phase change materials (PCMs) to reduce the number of freeze/thaw cycles experienced by bridge decks has been investigated by modeling, mechanical testing, calorimetry, and x‐ray microtomography. Models identified geographical regions where freeze/thaw damage is not a significant concern, as well as regions where this technology may be practical, increasing the service life of a bridge deck by at least one year. The incorporation of PCM reduces strength by varying amounts, and for varying reasons, depending on which PCM is used and how it is introduced into the concrete. As a variety of methods exist to address this loss in strength, PCM incorporation shows promise as a technique for addressing one aspect of worldwide infrastructure maintenance challenges.
Close

close