Abstract

A hand-calculation method for estimation of nonlinear load–settlement response of piled raft foundations (PRFs) embedded in sandy soils is developed using three-dimensional finite-element (FE) analysis in which the elastoplastic constitutive behavior of the soil is modeled using the unified Clay And Sand Model (CASM). Three types of PRFs with rectangular, strip, and circular rafts and with a variety of pile dimensions and arrangements are considered in the study. The PRFs are assumed to be embedded in five different sands (Ottawa sand, Erksak sand, Sacramento sand, Portaway sand, and Decomposed Granite sand) with different elastic properties, critical state parameters, and relative densities. Systematic parametric studies are performed to develop equations for the estimation of the average nonlinear settlement of PRFs. The maximum and differential settlements are also estimated from the average settlement. The proposed equations require the relative density, elastic constants, and critical state friction angle of sand, and the piled raft geometry and properties as inputs. The settlement equations are applicable to PRFs of sizes similar to those considered in the study and can be used by practitioners for quick, initial estimation of PRF settlement as part of design calculations.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

Alnuaim, A. M., H. El Naggar, and M. H. El Naggar. 2015. “Performance of micropiled raft in sand subjected to vertical concentrated load: Centrifuge modeling.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (1): 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0001.
Atkinson, J. H. 1993. An introduction to the mechanics of soils and foundations: Through critical state soil mechanics. London: McGraw-Hill.
Been, K., and M. G. Jefferies. 1985. “A state parameter for sands.” Géotechnique 35 (2): 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1985.35.2.99.
Bhaduri, A., and D. Choudhury. 2020. “Serviceability-based finite-element approach on analyzing combined pile–raft foundation.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (2): 04019178. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001580.
Bhartiya, P., T. Chakraborty, and D. Basu. 2020a. “Nonlinear subgrade modulus of sandy soils for analysis of piled raft foundations.” Comput. Geotech. 118: 103350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103350.
Bhartiya, P., T. Chakraborty, and D. Basu. 2020b. “Settlement estimation of piled rafts for initial design.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (2): 04019127. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002195.
Bhartiya, P., T. Chakraborty, and D. Basu. 2020c. “Erratum for ‘settlement estimation of piled rafts for initial design’ by Priyanka Bhartiya, Tanusree Chakraborty, and Dipanjan Basu.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (8): 08220001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002312.
Bhartiya, P., T. Chakraborty, and D. Basu. 2021. “Closure to ‘settlement estimation of piled rafts for initial design’ by Priyanka Bhartiya, Tanusree Chakraborty, and Dipanjan Basu.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 147 (5): 07021005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002494.
Bolton, M. D., G. R. Dasari, and A. M. Britto. 1994. “Putting small-strain non-linearity into modified Cam-clay model.” In Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, 537–542. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Bowles, J. E. 1996. Foundation analysis and design. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Burland, J. B. 1995. “Piles as settlement reducers.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 19th Italian National Geotechnical Congress, 21–34. Padova, Italy: SF Editoriali.
Butterfield, R., and P. K. Banerjee. 1971. “The elastic analysis of compressible piles and pile groups.” Géotechnique 21 (1): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1971.21.1.43.
Clancy, P., and M. F. Randolph. 1993. “An approximate analysis procedure for piled raft foundations.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 17 (12): 849–869. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610171203.
Comodromos, E. M., M. C. Papadopoulou, and L. Laloui. 2016. “Contribution to the design methodologies of piled raft foundations under combined loadings.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (4): 559–577. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0251.
Conte, G., A. Mandolini, and M. F. Randolph. 2003. “Centrifuge modeling to investigate the performance of piled rafts.” In Proc., 4th Int. Geotechnical Seminar on Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles, edited by Van Impe, 359–366. Rotterdam: Millpress.
de Sanctis, L., A. Mandolini, G. Russo, and C. Viggiani. 2002. “Some remarks on the optimum design of piled rafts.” In Deep Foundations: An International Perspective on Theory, Design, Construction, and Performance, Geotechnical Special Publication 116, edited by M. W. O’Neill and F. C. Townsend, 405–425. Reston, VA: ASCE.
de Sanctis, L., and G. Russo. 2008. “Analysis and performance of piled rafts designed using innovative criteria.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 134 (8): 1118–1128.
El-Garhy, B., A. A. Galil, A. F. Youssef, and M. A. Raia. 2013. “Behavior of raft on settlement reducing piles: Experimental model study.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 5 (5): 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2013.07.005.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Geotechnical design—Part 1. General rules, EN 1997-1:2004. Eurocode 7. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Gu, X., J. Yang, and M. Huang. 2013. “Laboratory measurements of small strain properties of dry sands by bender element.” Soils Found. 53 (5): 735–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.08.011.
Horikoshi, K., and M. F. Randolph. 1998. “A contribution to optimum design of piled rafts.” Géotechnique 48 (3): 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.3.301.
IS (Indian Standard). 1986. Code of practice for design and construction of foundation in soils: General, UDC 624.15.04: 006.76, 3rd Revision, first reprint July 1989. Indian Standard 1904.
Katzenbach, R., U. Arslan, and C. Moorman. 2000. “Piled raft foundation projects in Germany.” In Design applications of raft foundation, edited by J. A. Hemsley, 323–391. London: Thomas Telford.
Katzenbach, R., U. Arslan, C. Moormann, and O. Reul. 1998. “Piled raft foundation: Interaction between piles and raft.” In Vol. 4 of Proc., Int. Conf. in Soil–Structure Interaction in Urban Civil Engineering, Darmstadt Geotechnics, 279–296. Darmstadt, Germany: Darmstadt University of Technology.
Katzenbach, R., and D. Choudhury. 2013. “ISSMGE combined pile–raft foundation guideline.” In TC212 design guideline, 1–23. Darmstadt, Germany: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Katzenbach, R., S. Leppla, and D. Choudhury. 2016. Foundation systems for high-rise structures, 1–298. London: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group (ISBM: 978-1-4987-4477-5).
Kumar, R., K. Bhargava, and D. Choudhury. 2016. “Estimation of engineering properties of soils from field SPT using random number generation.” INAE Lett. 1 (3–4): 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41403-016-0012-6.
Kumar, A., and D. Choudhury. 2017. “Load sharing mechanism of combined pile–raft foundation (CPRF) under seismic loads.” Geotech. Eng. J. Southeast Asian Geotech. Soc. (SEAGS) Assoc. Geotech. Soc. Southeast Asia (AGSSEA) 48 (3): 95–101.
Kumar, A., and D. Choudhury. 2018. “Development of new prediction model for capacity of combined pile–raft foundations.” Comput. Geotech. 97: 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.12.008.
Kumar, A., M. Patil, and D. Choudhury. 2017. “Soil–structure interaction in a combined pile–raft foundation—A case study.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 170 (2): 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.16.00075.
Kumar, J., and B. N. Madhusudan. 2010. “Effect of relative density and confining pressure on Poisson ratio from bender and extender elements tests.” Géotechnique 60 (7): 561–567. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.T.003.
Kuwabara, F. 1989. “An elastic analysis for piled raft foundations in a homogeneous soil.” Soils Found. 29 (1): 82–92. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.29.82.
Lee, J., Y. Kim, and S. Jeong. 2010. “Three-dimensional analysis of bearing behavior of piled raft on soft clay.” Comput. Geotech. 37 (1–2): 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2009.07.009.
Lee, K. L., and H. B. Seed. 1967. “Drained strength characteristics of sands.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 93 (SM6): 117–141. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001048.
Loukidis, D. 2006. “Advanced constitutive modeling of sands and applications to foundation engineering.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.
Madhusudan, B. N., and K. Senetakis. 2016. “Evaluating use of resonant column in flexural mode for dynamic characterization of Bangalore sand.” Soils Found. 56 (3): 574–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.04.021.
Mandolini, A., G. Russo, and C. Viggiani. 2005. “Pile foundations: experimental investigations, analysis and design.” In Proc., 16th Int. Conf. in Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 177–213. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Millpress.
Mayne, P. W., and F. H. Kulhawy. 1982. “K0–OCR relationships in soil.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 108 (GT6): 851–872. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0001306.
Moyes, P., H. G. Poulos, J. C. Small, and F. Badelow. 2005. “Piled raft design process for a high-rise building on the Gold Coast, Australia.” In Tall Buildings, edited by Y. K. Cheung and K. W. Chau, 241–249. Singapore: World Scientific.
Neville, A. M. 2011. Properties of concrete. London: Pearson Education Limited.
Nguyen, D. D. C., S. B. Jo, and D. S. Kim. 2013. “Design method of piled-raft foundations under vertical load considering interaction effects.” Comput. Geotech. 47: 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.06.007.
Ortiz, M., and J. C. Simo. 1986. “An analysis of a new class of integration algorithms for elastoplastic constitutive relations.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 23 (3): 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230303.
Poulos, H. G. 1991. “Foundation economy via piled-raft systems.” In Proc., Keynote Paper of Pile Talk Int., 91: 97–106. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: CI-Premier Conference Organization.
Poulos, H. G. 1994. “An approximate numerical analysis of pile–raft interaction.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 18 (2): 73–92. 95. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610180202.
Poulos, H. G. 2001. “Piled raft foundations: Design and applications.” Géotechnique 51 (2): 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.51.2.95.40292.
Poulos, H. G., and E. H. Davis. 1980. Pile foundation analysis and design. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Poulos, H. G., J. C. Small, L. D. Ta, J. Sinha, and L. Chen. 1997. “Comparison of some methods for analysis of piled rafts.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 14th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1119–1124. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Rabiei, M., and A. J. Choobbasti. 2016. “Piled raft design strategies for high rise buildings.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 34 (1): 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-015-9929-x.
Randolph, M. F. 1994. “Design methods for pile groups and piled rafts.” In Proc., 13th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 61–82. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Reul, O., and M. F. Randolph. 2004. “Design strategies for piled rafts subjected to nonuniform vertical loading.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:1(1).
Rowe, P. W. 1971. “Theoretical meaning and observed values of deformation parameters for soil.” In Proc., Roscoe Memorial Symp. on Stress Strain Behaviour of Soils, 143–194. Cambridge, UK: Univ. of Cambridge.
Russo, G. 2018. “Analysis and design of pile foundations under vertical load: An overview.” R.I.G. Italian Geotech. J. 52 (2): 52–71.
Russo, G. 2004. “Full-scale load tests on instrumented micropiles.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 157 (GE3): 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2004.157.3.127.
Russo, G., V. Abagnara, H. G. Poulos, and J. C. Small. 2013. “Re-assessment of foundation settlements for the Burj Khalifa, Dubai.” Acta Geotech. 8 (1): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-012-0193-4.
Russo, G., and C. Viggiani. 1998. “Factors controlling soil–structure interaction for piled rafts.” Darmstadt Geotech. 4: 297–321.
Saggu, R., and T. Chakraborty. 2016. “Thermomechanical response of geothermal energy pile groups in sand.” Int. J. Geomech. 16 (4): 04015100. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000567.
Sashitharan, S., P. K. Robertson, D. C. Sego, and N. R. Morgenstern. 1994. “State-boundary surface for very loose sand and its practical implications.” Can. Geotech. J. 31 (3): 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1139/t94-040.
Small, J. C., and H. H. Zhang. 2002. “Behavior of piled raft foundations under lateral and vertical loading.” Int. J. Geomech. 2 (1): 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2002)2:1(29).
Terzaghi, K., and R. B. Peck. 1967. Soil mechanics in engineering practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
Wang, J. 2005. “The stress–strain and strength characteristics of Portaway sand.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Nottingham.
Yu, H. S. 1998. “CASM: A unified state parameter model for clay and sand.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 22 (8): 621–653. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(199808)22:8%3C621::AID-NAG937%3E3.0.CO;2-8.
Yu, H. S. 2006. Plasticity and geotechnics. New York: Springer.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to International Journal of Geomechanics
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 21Issue 11November 2021

History

Received: Nov 2, 2020
Accepted: Jul 13, 2021
Published online: Sep 8, 2021
Published in print: Nov 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 8, 2022

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Project Scientist, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5559-5668. Email: [email protected]
Dipanjan Basu, M.ASCE [email protected]
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1. Email: [email protected]
Tanusree Chakraborty, A.M.ASCE [email protected]
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India (corresponding author). Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

  • Response of piled raft foundations using the disturbed state concept theory: Analysis and interpretation, Ocean Engineering, 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118566, 309, (118566), (2024).
  • Evolution of Piled Raft Foundation at Static Loading Condition and Application of Numerical Modelling: A State-of-the-Art Review, Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 10.1007/s11831-024-10172-w, (2024).
  • Effect of Combination Pile Raft Soil Structure Interaction on Seismic Investigation of Nuclear Reactor Containment Structure, Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Vibration Problems, 10.1007/978-981-99-5922-8_40, (449-458), (2024).
  • A simplified settlement prediction method for piled rafts in clay, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering, 10.1680/jgeen.21.00207, 176, 5, (486-505), (2023).
  • Settlement of combined piled raft foundation of a nuclear power plant in non-liquefiable and liquefiable soils, Nuclear Engineering and Design, 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2023.112518, 413, (112518), (2023).
  • Time-Dependent Response of Rectangular Piled Rafts in Clayey Soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002758, 148, 5, (2022).
  • Effect of CPRF on nonlinear seismic response of an NPP structure considering raft-pile-soil-structure-interaction, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107295, 158, (107295), (2022).

View Options

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share