Abstract

In the design of cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings in earthquake-prone areas, a crucial role in energy dissipation is played by the panel-to-panel joint. Such a connection, theoretically, could be designed for three different types of behavior: coupled, uncoupled, and monolithic. Coupled and uncoupled behaviors provide a certain amount of energy dissipation, whereas monolithic behavior does not. Currently, no specific design rules to attain a given condition are provided in any code. Furthermore, no information on the dependency of the wall behavior upon other variables, such as the out-of-plane stiffness of the floor diaphragms or the stiffness of other metal connections (e.g., hold-downs and angle brackets) can be found in the literature. In an attempt to fill in this gap, this paper presents the results of numerical analyses carried out using a commercial software package. In these analyses, the influence of the upper floor diaphragms on the rocking behavior of a two-panel wall assembly is investigated. Fully reversed displacement-controlled cyclic tests are simulated, while varying the geometrical properties (aspect ratio of the wall panels), mechanical properties (types and number of connectors used for the panel-to-panel, wall-to-foundation and wall-to-upper floor connections, out-of-plane stiffness of the floor panels), and gravity load applied on top of the assembly. The rocking capacity of the walls is investigated, together with displacements and global behavior of the assembly. The results obtained highlight the important role played by the stiffness of wall-to-floor diaphragm joints, whereas the out-of-plane flexural stiffness of the slab has a negligible effect on the overall response of the assembly.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

Amini, M. O., J. W. van de Lindt, D. Rammer, S. Pei, P. Line, and M. Popovski. 2018. “Systematic experimental investigation to support the development of seismic performance factors for cross laminated timber shear wall systems.” Eng. Struct. 172 (Oct): 392–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.021.
Barbosa, A. R., et al. 2018. “Numerical modeling of CLT diaphragms tested on a shake-table experiment.” In Proc., 15th World Conf. on Timber Engineering. Seoul: COEX Exhibition and Convention Center.
Blass, H. J., and P. Fellmoser. 2004. “Design of solid wood panels with cross layers.” In Proc., 8th World Conf. on Timber Engineering. Lahti, Finland: Finnish Association of Civil Engineers.
Blomgren, H.-E., S. Pei, J. Powers, J. D. Dolan, A. Wilson, I. Morrell, and Z. Jin. 2018. “Cross-laminated timber rocking wall with replaceable fuses: Validation through full-scale shake table testing.” In Proc., 15th World Conf. on Timber Engineering. Seoul: COEX Exhibition and Convention Center.
Casagrande, D., G. Doudak, L. Mauro, and A. Polastri. 2018. “Analytical approach to establishing the elastic behavior of multipanel CLT shear walls subjected to lateral loads.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (2): 04017193. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001948.
Ceccotti, A. 2008. “New technologies for construction of medium-rise buildings in seismic regions: The XLAM case.” J. Int. Assoc. Bridge Struct. Eng. 18 (2): 156–165. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686608784218680.
Ceccotti, A., C. Sandhaas, M. Okabe, M. Yasumura, C. Minowa, and N. Kawai. 2013. “SOFIE project–3D shaking table test on a seven-storey full-scale cross-laminated building.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (13): 2003–2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2309.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Design of structures for earthquake resistance—Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for building. Eurocode 8. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
D’Arenzo, G., G. Rinaldin, M. Fossetti, M. Fragiacomo, F. Nebiolo, and M. Chiodega. 2018. “Tensile and shear behaviour of an innovative angle bracket for CLT structures.” In Proc., 15th World Conf. on Timber Engineering. Seoul: COEX Exhibition and Convention Center.
Follesa, M., and M. Fragiacomo. 2018. “Force-based seismic design of mixed CLT/light-frame buildings.” Eng. Struct. 168 (Aug): 628–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.091.
Follesa, M., M. Fragiacomo, D. Casagrande, R. Tomasi, M. Piazza, D. Vassallo, D. Canetti, and S. Rossi. 2018. “The new provisions for the seismic design of timber buildings in Europe.” Eng. Struct. 168 (Aug): 736–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.090.
Fragiacomo, M., B. Dujic, and I. Sustersic. 2011. “Elastic and ductile design of multi-storey crosslam massive wooden buildings under seismic actions.” Eng. Struct. 33 (11): 3043–3053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.05.020.
Gavrić, I., M. Fragiacomo, and A. Ceccotti. 2015a. “Cyclic behavior of cross-laminated timber wall systems: Experimental tests and analytical prediction models.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (11): 04015034. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001246.
Gavrić, I., M. Fragiacomo, and A. Ceccotti. 2015b. “Cyclic behavior of typical metal connectors for cross-laminated (CLT) structures.” Mater. Struct. 48 (6): 1841. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0278-7.
Gavrić, I., M. Fragiacomo, and A. Ceccotti. 2015c. “Cyclic behavior of typical screwed connections for cross-laminated (CLT) structures.” Eur. J. Wood Prod. 73 (2): 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-014-0877-6.
Izzi, M., A. Polastri, and M. Fragiacomo. 2018. “Investigating the hysteretic behavior of cross-laminated timber wall systems due to connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (5): 04018035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002022.
Pei, S., et al. 2018. “Full-scale shake table test of mass-timber building with resilient post-tensioned rocking walls.” In Proc., 15th World Conf. on Timber Engineering. Seoul: COEX Exhibition and Convention Center.
Piazza, M., G. Schickhofer, G. Flatscher, A. Campos Costa, and P. X. Candeias. 2013. Seismic performance of multi-storey timber buildings—TUGraz building. Graz, Austria: TUGraz.
Polastri, A., I. Giongo, A. Angeli, and R. Brandner. 2018a. “Mechanical characterization of a pre-fabricated connection system for cross laminated timber structures in seismic regions.” Eng. Struct. 167 (Jul): 705–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.12.022.
Polastri, A., I. Giongo, and M. Piazza. 2018b. “An innovative connection system for cross-laminated timber structures.” Struct. Eng. Int. 27 (4): 502–511. https://doi.org/10.2749/222137917X14881937844649.
Popovski, M., and I. Gavrić. 2016. “Performance of a 2-story CLT house subjected to lateral loads.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (4): E4015006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001315.
Rinaldin, G., C. Amadio, and M. Fragiacomo. 2013. “A component approach for the hysteretic behaviour of connections in cross-laminated wooden structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (13): 2023–2042. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2310.
Rinaldin, G., and M. Fragiacomo. 2016. “Non-linear simulation of shaking-table tests on 3- and 7-storey X-Lam timber buildings.” Eng. Struct. 113 (16): 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.055.
Simulia. 2012. Abaqus 6.12 documentation. Providence, RI: Dassault Systèmes.
Sustersic, I., M. Fragiacomo, and B. Dujic. 2016. “Seismic analysis of cross-laminated multistory timber buildings using code-prescribed methods: Influence of panel size, connection ductility, and schematization.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (4): E4015012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001344.
Tamagnone, G., and M. Fragiacomo. 2018. “On the rocking behavior of CLT wall assemblies.” In Proc., 15th World Conf. on Timber Engineering. Seoul: COEX Exhibition and Convention Center.
Tamagnone, G., G. Rinaldin, and M. Fragiacomo. 2018. “A novel method for non-linear design of CLT wall systems.” Eng. Struct. 167 (Jul): 760–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.09.010.
Tomasi, R. 2013. “Seismic behaviour of connections for buildings in CLT.” In Proc., COST Action FP1004 Conf. on the State-of-the Art in CLT Research. Bath, UK: Univ. of Bath.
Tomasi, R., A. Crosatti, and M. Piazza. 2010. “Theoretical and experimental analysis of timber-to-timber joints connected with inclined screws.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (9): 1560–1571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.03.007.
van de Lindt, J. W., J. Furley, M. O. Amini, S. Pei, G. Tamagnone, A. R. Barbosa, D. Rammer, P. Line, M. Fragiacomo, and M. Popovski. 2019. “Experimental seismic behavior of a two-story CLT platform building.” Eng. Struct. 183 (Mar): 408–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.12.079.
Vassallo, D., M. Follesa, and M. Fragiacomo. 2018. “Seismic design of a six-storey CLT building in Italy.” Eng. Struct. 175 (Nov): 322–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.025.
Zarnani, P., A. Valadbeigi, A. Hashemi, F. M. Darani, S. M. M. Yousef-beik, H. Bagheri, and P. Quenneville. 2018. “Rotational performance of resilient slip friction joint (RSFJ) as a new damage free seismic connection.” In Proc., 15th World Conf. on Timber Engineering. Seoul: COEX Exhibition and Convention Center.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Structural Engineering
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146Issue 3March 2020

History

Received: Dec 5, 2018
Accepted: Aug 9, 2019
Published online: Jan 13, 2020
Published in print: Mar 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jun 13, 2020

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Dept. of Civil, Construction-Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of L’Aquila, L’Aquila 67100, Italy (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-8522. Email: [email protected]
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Dept. of Engineering and Architecture, Univ. of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0948-3611. Email: [email protected]
Full Professor, Dept. of Civil, Construction-Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of L’Aquila, L’Aquila 67100, Italy. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9178-7501. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share