Variations in Building-Resolving Simulations of Tsunami Inundation in a Coastal Urban Area
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 1
Abstract
The direct simulation of inundation in developed urban areas presents a much greater challenge than the more common bare earth simulations that use roughness, which are used in many tsunami studies. This study intercompares the performance of four longwave models for tsunami inundation on a detailed topographical model of Kainan, Wakayama, Japan, with laboratory results. All simulations include buildings, which have a large impact on overland flood propagation. Inter-model comparisons yield several apparent characteristics: (1) variations between models were small in areas that are always wet; (2) wetting, drying, and overland propagation increased inter-model variation in the inundation front arrival time, maximum water surface elevation, and overland flow velocities; (3) inundated areas and maximum water surface elevations show lower inter-model variation (V) than inundation front velocity and maximum current velocities. Sources for V appeared to occur from differences in wetting, drying, and detailed code implementation rather than major differences in model physics. Using published tsunami fragility models, V led to significant differences in the predicted damage. Differences were largest for fragilities that used velocity and lower for fragilities that only used maximum inundation depths. Based on these results, inundated areas and water levels from building-resolving simulations might be assigned relatively higher confidence, and all the predicted velocities should be considered to have a greater error and potentially should be considered only when using ensembles.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI, by JSPS Research Fellow Grant (Fukui, 19J22429), by the Collaborative Research with DPRI, Kyoto University (Yasuda, 2019G-01), the Collaborative Research with DPRI-ERI (Satake, 2019-K-01 and Miyashita, 2021-K-01), JICA/JST SATREPS Mexico Project (Mori), the National Science Foundation under grant 166105 (Kennedy), and by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Kennedy). The authors are also grateful to Professor T. Hiraishi, Dr. Che-Wei Chang, Mr. M. Kamo (DPRI, Kyoto University), Mr. A. Copp (past undergraduate student at the University of Notre Dame), and Mr. T. Yamamoto (past graduate student in Kansai University) for preparation and conducting of the physical experiment. The authors also acknowledge that anonymous reviewers gave many precious and important comments and suggestions.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- Bo
- Bond number;
- Fr
- Froude number;
- CD
- drag coefficient;
- g
- gravitational acceleration (m/s2);
- h
- water depth of the flume (m);
- i
- building number;
- j
- SWE model number;
- L
- characteristic length (m);
- Nb
- total number of buildings;
- Nmodel
- total number of SWE models;
- PD(x)
- probability of the destruction;
- PD,i,j
- PD(x) for the ith building estimated by the jth SWE model;
- PD,i,mean
- arithmetic average of the probability for all SWE models and the ith building;
- PD,all-mean
- arithmetic average of the probability for all SWE models and buildings;
- Re
- Reynolds number;
- T
- appearance time of maximum surface elevation time (peak time) (s);
- peak time normalized by the incident wave (s);
- T0
- U
- characteristic velocity (m/s);
- V
- SWE model dimensionless variation in computed values, such as inundation depth or wave front velocity;
- Vb
- SWE model dimensionless variation in probability of destruction;
- We
- Weber number;
- x
- Tsunami intensity measure (e.g., maximum inundation depth or fluid velocity);
- X
- horizontal coordinate (m);
- Y
- vertical coordinate (m);
- γ
- surface tension (N/m);
- η
- surface elevation (m);
- normalized surface elevation (m);
- η0
- surface elevation at the wave generator (WG1) (m);
- λ
- calibrated coefficients (one for each intensity measure x);
- μ
- SWE model mean of computed values;
- ν
- kinematic viscosity (m2/s);
- ρ
- water density (kg/m3);
- ρa
- air density (kg/m3);
- Δρ = ρ − ρa
- difference in air and water density (kg/m3);
- ξ
- calibrated coefficients (two for each intensity measure x);
- σ
- SWE model standard deviation of computed values; and
- Φ
- standardized normal distribution function.
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Published In
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 1 • January 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 22, 2021
Accepted: Aug 28, 2021
Published online: Nov 9, 2021
Published in print: Jan 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Apr 9, 2022
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