Technical Papers
Sep 25, 2021

Experimental and Numerical Investigations on the Behavior and Failure Mechanism of RC Beams Strengthened with Near-Surface Mounted High-Strength Aluminum Alloy Bars

Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 12

Abstract

This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with near-surface mounted high-strength aluminum alloy (AA) bars subjected to four-point bending load. A total of five RC beams, including one control beam and four beams strengthened using near-surface mounted (NSM) AA bars with or without CFRP U-warp end anchorage, were constructed and tested monotonically up to failure. To get a better understanding of the flexural behavior and failure mechanism of the tested specimens, 3D finite element models were developed. A comparison between the finite element (FE) and experimental results was carried out and therefore confirmed the ability of the developed FE models to accurately predict the flexural performance of the RC beams strengthened with NSM AA bars. In addition, FE simulations provided an in-depth investigation of the intermediate crack-induced debonding (ICD) and concrete cover separation (CCS) failures. It is observed from the experimental and FE results that compared to the control specimen, more than 34% increase in the load-carrying capacity of the NSM strengthened specimens was achieved. In addition, the CFRP U-wrap end anchorage contributed to the prevention or delay of the CCS and ICD failures and hence increased the load-carrying capacity and enhanced the displacement ductility of the strengthened beam specimens. Furthermore, a FE parametric study was carried out to investigate the influence of different parameters on the performance of the RC beams strengthened with NSM AA bars, and recommendations based on the parametric study for efficient application of the NSM strengthening technique were given.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51868073), Special Funds for Technology Innovation Guidance of Shaanxi (No. 2019CGHJ-06), and Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges (No. 300102288302).

References

Abdalla, J. A., F. H. Hraib, R. A. Hawileh, and A. M. Mirghani. 2017. “Experimental investigation of bond-slip behavior of aluminum plates adhesively bonded to concrete.” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 31 (1): 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2016.1204741.
Abouali, S., M. Shahverdi, M. Ghassemieh, and M. Motavalli. 2019. “Nonlinear simulation of reinforced concrete beams retrofitted by near-surface mounted iron-based shape memory alloys.” Eng. Struct. 187 (May): 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.02.060.
Abu-Obeidah, A., R. A. Hawileh, and J. A. Abdalla. 2015. “Finite element analysis of strengthened RC beams in shear with aluminum plates.” Comput. Struct. 147 (Jan): 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2014.10.009.
Abuodeh, O., M. Alrifai, R. A. Hawileh, and J. A. Abdalla. 2019a. “Finite element modelling of aluminum alloy plated beams.” In Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Modeling Simulation and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO 2019), 1–5. New York: IEEE.
Abuodeh, O. R., J. A. Abdalla, and R. A. Hawileh. 2019b. “The flexural behavior of bolting and bonding Aluminum Alloy plates to RC beams.” In Vol. 17 of Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. Structural Integrity (ICSI 2019), 395–402. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2011. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. ACI 318M-11. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Al-Mahmoud, F., A. Castel, R. François, and C. Tourneur. 2010. “RC beams strengthened with NSM CFRP rods and modeling of peeling-off failure.” Compos. Struct. 92 (8): 1920–1930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.01.002.
Almusallam, T. H., H. M. Elsanadedy, Y. A. Al-Salloum, and S. H. Alsayed. 2013. “Experimental and numerical investigation for the flexural strengthening of RC beams using near-surface mounted steel or GFRP bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 40 (Mar): 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.107.
Bilotta, A., F. Ceroni, E. Nigro, and M. Pecce. 2014. “Strain assessment for the design of NSM FRP systems for the strengthening of RC members.” Constr. Build. Mater. 69 (Oct): 143–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.024.
Buyle-Bodin, F., E. David, and E. Ragneau. 2002. “Finite element modelling of flexural behaviour of externally bonded CFRP reinforced concrete structures.” Eng. Struct. 24 (11): 1423–1429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00085-8.
Çam, G., and G. İpekoğlu. 2017. “Recent developments in joining of aluminum alloys.” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 91 (5–8): 1851–1866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9861-0.
Capozucca, R. 2009. “Static and dynamic response of damaged RC beams strengthened with NSM CFRP rods.” Compos. Struct. 91 (3): 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.05.003.
CEB (Comite Euro-International Du Beton). 1993. CEB-FIP model code-1990. London: Thomas Telford.
Chinese Standard. 2010. Code for design of concrete structures. GB50010-2010. Beijing: National Standard of PR China, Architecture and Building Press.
Coronado, C. A., and M. M. Lopez. 2006. “Sensitivity analysis of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP laminates.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 28 (1): 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.07.005.
De Lorenzis, L., and A. Nanni. 2001. “Characterization of FRP rods as near-surface mounted reinforcement.” J. Compos. Constr. 5 (2): 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:2(114).
De Lorenzis, L., and J. G. Teng. 2007. “Near-surface mounted FRP reinforcement: An emerging technique for strengthening structures.” Composites, Part B 38 (2): 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.08.003.
Dixit, M., R. S. Mishra, and K. K. Sankaran. 2008. “Structure-property correlations in Al 7050 and Al 7055 high-strength aluminum alloys.” Mater. Sci. Eng. A 478 (1–2): 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.05.116.
Faggiani, A., and B. G. Falzon. 2010. “Predicting low-velocity impact damage on a stiffened composite panel.” Composites, Part A 41 (6): 737–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.02.005.
Hashin, Z. 1980. “Failure criteria for unidirectional fiber composites.” J. Appl. Mech. 47 (2): 329–334. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3153664.
Hawileh, R. A. 2012. “Nonlinear finite element modeling of RC beams strengthened with NSM FRP rods.” Constr. Build. Mater. 27 (1): 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.018.
Jana, D., and D. G. Tepke. 2010. “Corrosion of aluminum metal in concrete—A case study.” In Proc., 32nd Int. Conf. on Cement Microscopy, ICMA 2010, 33–65. Skokie, IL: International Cement Microscopy Association.
Jawdhari, A., and I. Harik. 2018. “Finite element analysis of RC beams strengthened in flexure with CFRP rod panels.” Constr. Build. Mater. 163 (Feb): 751–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.139.
Lee, J., and G. L. Fenves. 1998. “Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete structures.” J. Eng. Mech. 124 (8): 892–900. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1998)124:8(892).
Lesani, M., M. R. Bahaari, and M. M. Shokrieh. 2013. “Numerical investigation of FRP-strengthened tubular T-joints under axial compressive loads.” Compos. Struct. 100 (Jun): 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.12.020.
Li, Z., H. Yang, X. Hu, J. Wei, and Z. Han. 2018. “Experimental study on the crush behavior and energy-absorption ability of circular magnesium thin-walled tubes and the comparison with aluminum tubes.” Eng. Struct. 164 (Jun): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.083.
Linberg, R. 1960. Aluminum in concrete. Boston: Aberdeen Group.
Liu, M., L. Zhang, P. Wang, and Y. Chang. 2015. “Buckling behaviors of section aluminum alloy columns under axial compression.” Eng. Struct. 95 (Jul): 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.03.064.
Lubliner, J., J. Oliver, S. Oller, and E. Oñate. 1989. “A plastic-damage model for concrete.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 25 (3): 299–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(89)90050-4.
McGeary, F. L. 1966. “Performance of aluminium in concrete containing chlorides.” J. Proc. 63 (2): 247–265. https://doi.org/10.14359/7621.
Mostofinejad, D., and N. Moshiri. 2015. “Compressive strength of CFRP composites used for strengthening of RC columns: Comparative evaluation of EBR and grooving methods.” J. Compos. Constr. 19 (5): 04014079. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000545.
Nunes, F., J. R. Correia, and N. Silvestre. 2016. “Structural behavior of hybrid FRP pultruded beams: Experimental, numerical and analytical studies.” Thin-Walled Struct. 106 (Sep): 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.05.004.
Omran, H. Y., and R. El-Hacha. 2012. “Nonlinear 3D finite element modeling of RC beams strengthened with prestressed NSM-CFRP strips.” Constr. Build. Mater. 31 (Jun): 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.054.
Paulay, T., and M. J. N. Priestly. 1992. Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings. New York: Wiley.
Pham, H. B., and R. S. Al-Mahaidi. 2005. “Finite element modelling of RC beams retrofitted with CFRP fabrics.” In Proc., 7th Int. Symp. on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures - FRPRCS-7, 499–513. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI Symposium Publication.
Raad, J., and A. Parvin. 2020. “Iron-based shape memory alloy and fiber reinforced polymers rods for prestressed NSM strengthening of RC beams.” Eng. Struct. 207 (Mar): 110274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110274.
Radfar, S., G. Foret, N. Saeedi, and K. Sab. 2012. “Simulation of concrete cover separation failure in FRP plated RC beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (Dec): 791–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.020.
Rasheed, H. A., J. Abdalla, R. Hawileh, and A. K. Al-Tamimi. 2017. “Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally bonded Aluminum Alloy plates.” Eng. Struct. 147 (Sep): 473–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.05.067.
Sena-Cruz, J., et al. 2016. “NSM systems.” In Design procedures for the use of composites in strengthening of reinforced concrete structures, 303–348. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Shabana, I. S., I. A. Sharaky, A. Khalil, H. S. Hadad, and E. M. Arafa. 2018. “Flexural response analysis of passive and active near-surface-mounted joints: Experimental and finite element analysis.” Mater. Struct. 51 (4): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1232-x.
Sharaky, I. A., L. Torres, J. Comas, and C. Barris. 2014. “Flexural response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with near surface mounted (NSM) fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars.” Compos. Struct. 109 (1): 8–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.10.051.
Sharaky, I. A., L. Torres, and H. E. M. Sallam. 2015. “Experimental and analytical investigation into the flexural performance of RC beams with partially and fully bonded NSM FRP bars/strips.” Compos. Struct. 122 (Apr): 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.11.057.
Simulia. 2014. ABAQUS user’s manual version 6.14. Providence, RI: Simulia.
Soliman, S. M., E. El-Salakawy, and B. Benmokrane. 2010. “Flexural behaviour of concrete beams strengthened with near surface mounted fibre reinforced polymer bars.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 37 (10): 1371–1382. https://doi.org/10.1139/L10-077.
Stoner, J. 2015. “Finite element modelling of GFRP reinforced concrete beams.” Master’s thesis, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Univ. of Waterloo-Waterloo.
Wang, Y. Q., H. X. Yuan, T. Chang, X. X. Du, and M. Yu. 2017. “Compressive buckling strength of extruded aluminium alloy I-section columns with fixed-pinned end conditions.” Thin-Walled Struct. 119 (Oct): 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.06.034.
Wu, G., Z.-Q. Dong, Z.-S. Wu, and L.-W. Zhang. 2014. “Performance and parametric analysis of flexural strengthening for RC beams with NSM-CFRP bars.” J. Compos. Constr. 18 (4): 04013051. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000451.
Xie, E.-L., C.-Y. Zhou, Y.-N. Yu, and J. Liu. 2019. “Three-dimensional finite element modeling of intermediate crack debonding in fiber-reinforced-polymer-strengthened reinforced concrete beams.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 22 (10): 2322–2333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433219838082.
Xing, G., Z. Chang, and O. E. Ozbulut. 2018. “Behavior and failure modes of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with NSM GFRP or aluminum alloy bars.” Struct. Concr. 19 (4): 1023–1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201700099.
Xing, G., and O. E. Ozbulut. 2016. “Flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with aluminum alloy bars.” Eng. Struct. 126 (Nov): 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.032.
Yao, L.-Z., and G. Wu. 2016. “Nonlinear 2D finite-element modeling of RC beams strengthened with prestressed NSM CFRP reinforcement.” J. Compos. Constr. 20 (4): 04016008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000659.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Structural Engineering
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 147Issue 12December 2021

History

Received: Oct 15, 2020
Accepted: Jul 20, 2021
Published online: Sep 25, 2021
Published in print: Dec 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 25, 2022

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Guohua Xing [email protected]
Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an Univ., Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, China. Email: [email protected]
Doctoral Candidate, School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an Univ., Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, China (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1732-7846. Email: [email protected]
Najm Addin Al-Shakhada [email protected]
Graduate Student, School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an Univ., Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, China. Email: [email protected]
Graduate Student, School of Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Univ., Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

  • Flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with BFRP bars and CFRP U-jackets: Experimental and numerical analysis, Journal of Building Engineering, 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110932, 97, (110932), (2024).
  • Information fusion-based maintenance strategies selection for coastal concrete bridges using recycled fishing nets, Structures, 10.1016/j.istruc.2024.106456, 63, (106456), (2024).
  • A review of research on aluminum alloy materials in structural engineering, Developments in the Built Environment, 10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100319, 17, (100319), (2024).
  • Seismic behavior of RC columns strengthened with near-surface-mounted aluminum alloy bars and CFRP wraps, Engineering Structures, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114742, 268, (114742), (2022).

View Options

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share